NUR 0012 Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Ch. 5 cont. Functions of the SkinA. ProtectionB. TemperatureC. SensationD. ExcretionE. Vitamin D (calcitriol)II. Ch. 6: Skeletal systemA. TendonsB. LigamentsC. Cartilage: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilageD. Interstitial growth and appositional growthE. Bone: long, short, flat, irregular, functions of boneOutline of Current Lecture I. Bone continuedA. Long bone: compact and spongyB. Bone cells: osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteogenic Current LectureI. Bone continuedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Long bone demonstrates most features common to bone1. Compact/cortical bone: thick dense layer, made up of canals, stronga. Will have multiple osteons: key feature of compact boneb. Central canal: blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vesselsc. Perforating/ Volkman’s canals: connect osteonsd. Concentric lamellae: surrounding individual osteon, makes bone stronger and more light weighte. Interstitial lamellae: concentric lamellae running into each other, in between osteonsf. Circumferential lamellae: around outside, circumference of boneg. Osteocytes in lacunae h. Individual osteons have alternating layers of collagen fibers: adds extra layer of torsional strength2. Concellous/spongy bone: less tightly organized, still hard, has the ability to reorganize and reorient itself quickly (in times of injury or new stress)a. Extremely vascularb. Diploë: spongy bone found between layers of flat bone1) Contains red bone marrowc. Good at distributing stress3. Proximal epiphysis: closer to point of attachment, covered in hyaline cartilage(left over from when bone was made out of hyaline)4. Diaphysis: shaft of bone5. Distal epiphysis: further from point of attachment, covered in hyaline cartilage6. Epiphyseal line: reminisce of growth plate7. Periosteum: covers bone, attached very tightly, composed of 2 layersa. Fibrous layerb. Osteogenic layer: primarily made of osteoblastsc. Always perforated by blood vessels8. Yellow bone marrow: fat9. Endosteum: contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts, lines marrow cavity, and lines each of the osteons, important in bone remodelingB. Bone cells work to maintain homeostasis: all derived from mesenchyme1. Osteogenic cell: stem cell2. Osteoblast: matrix-synthesizing cell, responsible for bone growth3. Osteocyte: mature bone cell, maintains bone matrix4. Osteoclast: bone-resorbing cell, arise from hemopoetic stem cells, secrete acids, enzymes, etc. to dissolve bone in areas where remodeling is needed, osteoblasts then come in for regrowth 5. Bone cell activity usually in
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