NUR 0012 Lecture 18 Ch. 8 Continued: Non-movable and Synovial JointsOutline of Last Lecture I. Ch.7 Skeletal Anatomy cont.A. Normal curvatures of the spineB. Abnormal curvatures of the spineC. General vertebraeD. Thoracic cageE. Appendicular skeletonII. Ch. 8 jointsA. Joints named for 2 bones they connectB. Joint classification: structural and functional Outline of Current Lecture I. Ch. 8 Cont.A. Fibrous joints1. Sutures2. Syndesmoses3. GymphosesB. Non-movable/slightly movable joints1. Synchondroses 2. Symphyses C. Synovial joints1. LigamentsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Joint cavity3. Articular capsule: joint capsule and synovial membrane4. Bursae and tendon sheaths5. Movement allowed by synovial joints Current LectureI. Ch. 8 Cont.A. Fibrous joints cont.1. Sutures: fibrous CTa. Synostoses come in many forms: infant skull deformities 2. Syndesmosis: flat sheet of CTa. Bones united by bands of FCTb. FCT longer than in sutures so joint more movablec. “High ankle sprain” common football injury3. Gymphosis: when ligaments hold a bone in a socketa. “peg-in-socket” jointsb. Example: periodontal ligament: holds tooth in socketB. Non-movable/slightly movable joints1. Synchondroses: hyaline cartilage holds 2 bones togethera. Example: epiphyseal plates are temporary hyaline cartilage jointsb. Most ossify over timec. Between ribs and sternum: costal cartilages, allows ribs to expand when breathing, normally don’t ossify2. Symphysis: 2 bones held together by fibrocartilagea. Very strong and provides some cushioningb. Can withstand compressive forcesc. Intervertebral discsd. Pubic symphysis e. Lots of proteoglycanC. Synovial joints all have same basic structures: reduce friction, freely movable, 2 bones coming together in joint space, not touching like other types of joints1. Ligaments: support, protect, and stabilize joint, external to joint2. Joint cavity: contains synovial fluid3. 2 bones that come together covered in Articular (hyaline) cartilage, makes ends of bones slippery4. Articular capsule: primarily dense irregular fibrous CTa. Fibrous/joint capsuleb. Synovial membrane: delicate membrane around outside edges of joint1) specialized cells produce synovial fluid, lubricates and nourishes5. Bursae reduce friction: expansions around synovial joints that fill with fluid creating sacs a. In shoulders, elbowsb. Allows for smooth gliding motion6. Tendon sheaths reduce friction around tendons: keeps most of tendons in placea. Inflammation of tendon sheaths causes carpel tunnel syndrome7. Movements allowed by synovial jointsa. Occur in 3 major planes:1) Coronal plane2) Sagittal plane3) Transverse planeb. Monaxial: movement allowed only in one plane, fingersc. Biaxial: movement allowed in 2 different planes, jawd. Multiaxial: movement allowed in all 3 planes, hip and shouldere. Bones that are relatively flat: intervertebral joints, intercarpal and intertarsal joints are gliding joints1) Technically monaxial, some books identify as nonaxial movements2) Bones can slide across each otherf. Flexion and extension occur in many
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