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Pitt NUR 0012 - Connective tissue
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NUR 0012 Lecture 10 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lecture: Jason DechantOutline of Last Lecture I. Stratified epithelial tissueA. Stratified squamousB. Stratified cuboidalC. Stratified columnarD. TransitionalII. Glands and membranes formed by epithelial cellsA. EndocrineB. ExocrineC. Membranes: skin, mucous, serousIII. Connective tissueA. Cells in connective tissue: blasts, cytes, clastsB. Extracellular matrixC. Groups: fibrous CT, loose, dense, cartilage, blood, bonesOutline of Current LectureI. Connective tissue (some review from last lecture)A. Common cells in CT: blasts, cytes, clastsB. Proteoglycan: chondroitin, hyaluronic acidThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C. Fibrous CT: areolar, adipose, dense regular CT, dense irregular CTD. Cartilage: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilageE. Other CT types: bone, bloodII. Nervous tissue: action potentials, neurons (their composition)III. Muscle tissueA. Contractile proteinsB. SkeletalC. CardiacD. SmoothIV. Tissue repairA. InflammationB. OrganizationC. RegenerationCurrent LectureI. All connective tissues derived from embryonic mesoderm (Recap of last lecture): Muscles, bone, blood vessels, important in stem cell researchA. Cells common in CT1. Blasts: building cells2. Cytes: mature cells3. Clasts: destroyer cellsB. Proteoglycan: general term used for different ground substance proteins1. Chondroitin2. Hyaluronic acid3. The more we have the more gelatanous your ground substances will beC. Fibrous connective tissues1. Loosely arrangeda. Areolar CT: loosely arranged, tends to be vascular and have a good nerve supplyb. Adipose CT: fat, loosely arranged, used for energy storage and different types of insulation (thermal and electrical), protection by padding1) Can secrete its own hormones: Leptin: an important metabolic regulator2. Densely Packeda. Dense Regular CT: almost all of extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers1) In most tendons and ligaments2) Major cell type: fibroblastsb. Dense Irregular CT: arranged like weave of your shirt1) Major cell type: fibroblasts2) Important in dermis: allows for flexibility but still strong3) Blood vessels and nerve endings able to move through it4) Fibrous capsules of organs and jointsD. Cartilage: 1. Hyaline cartilage: keep airway open lining trachea and voice box, embryonic skeleton, important in many parts of the bodya. Collagen fibers: dense but can’t be seenb. Chondrocytes: mature cartilage cells trapped in their lacunac. Cartilage has a definite formd. Predominance of protein fibers in EM determines type of cartilage2. Elastic cartilage: looks like hyaline but more dark purple or black elastin fibers woven ina. Only in a few places: most of external ear and epiglottis3. Fibrocartilage: has lots of proteoglycans and can absorb a lot of compressive forces/shocka. Stacked collagen fibersb. Intervertebral disksc. Menisci in kneesd. Damaged cartilage heels slowly because not a lot of blood vessels:pretty avascular unlike boneE. Other CT types1. Bone is extremely vascular (heals readily): more on this later2. Blood composed of red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (immune function), plasma (EM of blood, liquid), platelets (clotting)II. Nervous tissue: can generate their own electrical signals, ability to generate its own action potentialsA. Muscles can transmit these signals but can’t generate themB. Many different types of neurons: contain cell body with nucleus, branched dendrites (receiving ends), axonIII. Muscle tissue: can respond to stimuli from nerve cells and other types of tissuesA. Has the ability to contract (actively changes its size), each type contains contractile proteinsB. Skeletal: very organized, stacked tubes, multi-nucleated, under voluntary controlC. Cardiac: involuntary, mostly in the heart, intermingle with each other, not organized, want all chambers of heart to work in sync with each otherD. Smooth: involuntary, found in all internal organs, lack striations of other two, make up walls of tubes, etc.IV. Tissue repair: can occur very rapidly if the epithelial layers not completely destroyedA. Depends on how severe the injury isB. Inflammation: after damage to skin, blood clots form, release of inflammatory chemicals (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, etc.)1. Heat (increases metabolic rate and slow bacterial and viral growth), swelling, redness, pain (due to increased blood flow to the area)C. Blood clot gets replaced with granulated tissue: primarily fibroblasts that form a loose network allowing for blood cell regrowth in that area1. Surface epithelial cells begin regenerating from edges of woundD. Regeneration and fibrosis: permanent repair1. Can lead to


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Pitt NUR 0012 - Connective tissue

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