Nur 0012 Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Body CavitiesA. Dorsal B. VentralC. Serous membranesII. ChemistryA. ElementsB. Protons, electrons, and neutronsC. Difference between a molecule and a compound and examples of eachD. ConcentrationsE. Different types of bonds and how they relate to reactivityOutline of Current Lecture I. Chemistry Cont.A. Acids, bases, and pHB. Different chemical reactions and examples of eachC. CarbohydratesD. LipidsE. Eicossanoid formationCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. Chemistry Cont.A. Acids donate protons in solution while bases accept protons in solution1. pH of body fluids (blood, etc.) ~7.4 (about neutral): measure of amount of hydrogen ions in a solutiona. Examples: 1M HCl has pH=0 (very acidic), 1M NaOH has pH=14 (very basic)b. The lower the pH the more acidic the solution, the higher the pH the more basic the solutionc. Acidosis: when pH goes below 7.35d. Alkalosis: when pH goes above 7.45B. Chemical reactions1. Synthesis: adding things together to create larger more complex moleculesa. Amino acids put together to create polypeptideb. Anabolic: requires energy2. Decomposition: long complex molecules broken into smaller onesa. Example: Glycogen decomposition when body needs simple sugars for its cellsb. Catabolic: release energy3. Exchange reactionsa. Bonds made and broken simultaneouslyb. Example: ATP transfers its terminal phosphate and its energy in its bonds to other molecules to power biochemical reactions4. Rate of reactions depend on different factorsa. Temperature: ideal temp ~9 F (body temp, 3 C)8878b. Concentration: the more reactants you have, the more products you end up withc. Particle size: molecular weight and shape determines reactivity1) low molecular weight, the quicker the reactiond. Viscosity: how thick or thin something is1) The thicker a medium is, the slower the reaction will take placee. Catalysts: speeds up a reaction by lowering its activation energy (energy required to carry out particular reaction)1) enzymes are biological catalysts2) recycled (not part of products)3) proteins and polypeptides (-ase)4) most biological reactions would not proceed without the help of catalystsC. Carbohydrates: major class of organic molecules, used by body for “fuel”1. Monosaccharides: monomers of carbs, normally 6-carbon moleculesa. Glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose2. Disaccharides: two linked monosaccharidesa. Sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose (glucose + glucose), lactose (galactose + glucose)b. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are isomers3. Polysaccharides: polymers of linked monosaccharides, long chainsa. Example: glycogen, formed from glucose monomers sometimes fructoseD. Lipids: non-polar, don’t contain a lot of oxygen1. Triglyceride (most common lipid in our body) formation: 3 fatty acid chains bound to glycerol by dehydration synthesis2. Phospholipid molecule: 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphorous-containing group attached to glycerol backbonea. Polar head (hydrophilic)b. Non polar (hydrophobic) fatty acid tails, attracted to each otherc. Allow cell membrane assembly3. Store energy, protections organs, etc.4. Subcutaneous tissue: act as padding and thermal insulator5. Steroids: 4 interlocking hydrocarbon chainsa. Cholesterol: maintains integrity of cell membranes, primary molecule in developing bile1) Many different forms (ex: LDL)b. Important in formation of steroid hormones (adrenocortical hormones and sex hormones)c. Nonpolar and pass easily across cell membraneE. Eicossanoids formed when cell membrane is damaged/disrupted1. When cell membrane is injured phospholipase (enzyme that works on phospholipids) is activateda. Converts lipids to arachidonic acidb. Lipoxygenases convert arachidonic acid to leukotrienesc. Cyclooxygenases convert arachidonic acid to thromboxanes and prostaglandins (trigger inflammation/pain)d. Collectively eicosanoids are (leukotrienes, thromboxanes, prostaglandins)e. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)(advil, ibuprofen, etc.)1) Block cyclooxygenasesf. Drugs that block lipoxygenase: asthma drugs (advair,