Nur 0012 Lecture 7 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lecture: Jason DechantOutline of Last Lecture I. Plasma membrane: fluid mosaic modelA. Integral proteins: receptors, enzymes, channels, CAMsB. Peripheral proteinsC. MicrovilliD. CiliaII. Membrane transportA. Interstitial space: extracellular space, intracellular spaceB. Passive transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, tonicityC. Active transportOutline of Current Lecture I. TonicityA. IsotonicB. HypotonicC. hypertonic solutionsII. Active transportA. Primary active transportB. Secondary active transportThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C. Bulk transport: exocytosis, endocytosisD. Cell structures: mitochondria, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ERE. Mitosis: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesisF. DNA: transcription, translation, RNA polymeraseCurrent LectureI. Tonicity: most cells have same concentration inside and outside the cellA. Isotonic: intracellular fluid .9% saline and interstitial fluid .9% saline (normal)1. No net change in cell size, no negative impact on cellsB. Hypotonic: less solutes outside cell, water rushes into cell causing it to swell and can eventually lyse (rbcs release hemoglobin when lyse)1. If cells swell in CNS it starts to push against skull (can lead to death)C. Hypertonic: more solute outside of cell, water rushes out of cell causing it to shrivel (crenate) which can lead to dehydration1. Can add proper concentrations with IVII. Active transport: requires ATP, moves solutes against concentration gradientA. Sodium potassium pump (Na/K): every cell membrane has some form of it, nerveand muscle cells use them to do work1. Carrier proteins: specific for sodium entering the cell, more potassium in the cell wants to get out but they can’t because of their charge, that’s where the carrier proteins come in2. An example of primary active transport: using only one channel pumping ionsagainst concentration gradients in different directions3. Specificity: specific to sodium and potassium4. Competition: if you have things very similar sometimes they will compete for space5. Saturation: there’s a leveling out at some point because all transport channels are “loaded up” (saturated)B. Secondary active transport: requires energy in one step to allow second step to occur, requires a second set of proteins1. Primary active step: creates a drive for secondary step to occur2. Then secondary step3. Symport: 2 substances move through transporter in same direction4. Antiport: 2 substances move in opposite directionsC. Bulk (not just individual ions) transport of molecules requires energy1. Exocytosis: active transport that moves large materials out of the cell2. Endocytosis: active transport that moves large materials in the cell, depression on cell membrane can have receptors specific to material being taken ina. PhagocytosisD. Cell structure and functions 1. Mitochondria: membrane-bound organelles that produce ATP (allowing cell to do work)a. Has many folds for more surface area b. Contain electron transport chain (glucose and oxygen turning them into ATP)c. ATP is being constantly made because we can’t store itd. What types of cells contain most mitochondria? muscle cells, nerve tissue, kidneys/digestive systeme. What do mitochondria have that other organelles don’t? their own DNA, DNA were their own free living prokaryotes, but they formed a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotes and can’t live without themf. Mitochondrial disease: neuromuscular issues, seizures, blindness, inability to move muscles2. Ribosomes: synthesize proteins, can be free or bounda. Bound to rough ER: more likely to produce proteins used elsewhere in body since they are packaged and shipped outb. Free floating 3. Endoplasmic reticulum: membranous sacs come in 2 vartieties and functionsa. Rough: proteinsb. Smooth: steroid synthesis, absorb cholesterol4. Golgi apparatus: not attached to nucleus like ER, takes transport vesicles fromrough ER and modifies proteins (makes them functional)a. Packages finished proteins into secretory vesicles to be sent out via exocytosis, etc.5. Lysosomes: cells digestive system, contains digestive enzymes6. Peroxisomes: peroxidase, catalase enzymes7. Centrioles: elements of cytoskeleton, essential for cell divisiona. Amitotic cells do not contain centrioles (mature CNS neurons)8. Cytoskeletal elements aid in maintaining cell shape and aid in other functions(microtubules: made of globular proteins)9. Nucleus: houses DNA, control center of the cella. Nucleolus: site of ribosome synthesis and leave through nuclear membrane1) Damaged nucleolus is very severeE. Cell life cycle1. Mitosis: cell division, makes exact copiesa. Interphase: normal state, gap/growth phases, s phaseb. Prophase: DNA replication (sister chromatids) and coiling (can no longer unzip itself), nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles move toward polesc. Metaphase: sister chromatids line up on metaphase plated. Anaphase: sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite polese. Telophase: reverse of prophase, nuclear membrane starts to reform, chromatids start to uncoil themselvesf. Cytokinesis: division of cell membraneg. Cells don’t all have the same length of interphaseF. DNA helix protects it from degradation1. DNA is our instruction manual2. DNA polymerase copies the strands during replication (interphase)a. Complementary base pairs3. Protein synthesis: starts in nucleus and ends in cytoplasm4. Transcription: DNA  mRNA5. RNA polymerase pairs bases6. Alternative splicing: occurs after transcription, gets rid of introns (DNA that doesn’t code) and can lead to different protein products7.