Nur 0012 Lecture 5 Outline of Last LectureI. Chemistry Cont.A. Acids, bases, and pHB. Different chemical reactions and examples of eachC. CarbohydratesD. LipidsE. Eicossanoid formationOutline of Current LectureI. Chapter 2: chemistry cont.A. Eicossanoid reviewB. ProteinsC. Nucleic acidsD. ATPII. Chapter 3: cellsA. Cell theoryB. Cell sizesC. Cell membrane/phospholipid bilayerCurrent LectureI. Chemistry cont.A. Eicossanoids review (the injury cascade, arachidonic cascade)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Depends on which enzyme the membrane releases (lipoxygenases or cylcoxygenases)2. Leukotrienes: attract white blood cells (leukocytes) to site of injury3. NSAIDS: aspirin, aleve, etc. a. Prevent release of thromboxanes and prostaglandins by blocking cyclooxygenase4. You can block phospholipase with corticosteroids a. Can stop inflammation (rashes, etc.)b. Can have adverse effects on other body systemsB. Proteins: encoded by DNA and serve several roles in our body1. Structural proteins2. Regulatory proteins3. Carbon chains with hydrogens and oxygens, also have amine groups4. About 20 amino acids that code for all of our proteinsa. Amino acids are polar but some have nonpolar regionsb. Nonessential: body can synthesize from other sourcesc. Essential: taken in as part of our dietd. Attach to each other by peptide bonds5. Most proteins not active until they are folded: result of weak hydrogen bondinga. Most proteins have tertiary structure (3D): their shape can drastically alter their functionb. Quaternary structure: 2 or more polypeptides working together6. Globular proteins7. Fibrous proteins: collagen fibers8. Some proteins act as enzymes: catalyze reactionsa. Enzyme has an active site that fits into a specific substrateb. Temperature (excessive amounts of heat) can denature enzymes1) The enzyme can no longer bind to its substrateC. Nucleic acids: carry our instructions for building new proteins1. Phosphate sugar backbone: deoxyribose (monosaccharide)2. Nitrogenous base group: 4 total: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine3. RNA (has uracil base instead of thymine) synthesized to separate DNA molecule: gets translated into new proteina. Contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyriboseD. ATP: our energy currency1. Adenosine triphosphate2. The energy released does work in the body3. Constantly being synthesized and decomposed4. Transfers its terminal phosphate groups in exchange reactions to other moleculesa. Powers transport channels, carrier proteins, etc.1) Essential for survivalII. Chapter 3: CellsA. Cell theory: all organisms come from cells and cell products1. Simplest unit of life2. Spontaneous generation disproved: living things only come from other living things3. Cells cover body parts and cover and line organsa. Erythrocytes: red blood cellsb. Fibroblastsc. Epithelial cells4. Cells move organs and body parts: have contractile proteinsa. Skeletal muscle cellsb. Smooth muscle cells5. Over 200 different cell types6. About 200 trillion cells in the bodyB. Most human cells between 10-15 µm in diameter (can only be seen by a light microscope)1. Organelles about 1µm2. Viruses, proteins, lipids (about 1-10nm) can only be seen by an electron microscope3. Cell size determined by surface area (cells maximize surface area)a. Cell and most organelles bounded by phospholipid bilayerC. Phospholipid bilayer1. Plasma membrane compositions allows it to change rapidly to suit the cells needs2. Fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane3. Phospholipids primary component of membranea. Fatty acid tails attracted to each other (nonpolar, hydrophobic: water fearing)b. Polar heads (hydrophilic: water loving) 4. Cholesterol important in cell membranes5. Glycoproteins: attached to membrane proteins vs. Glycolipids: attached directly to membrane6. Integral proteins/trans-membrane proteins: have hydrophilic and hydrophobic components allowing them to spread across entire membrane7. Peripheral proteins8. Membrane is selectively permeable: based upon charge and size of moleculesa. CO2 and O2 are nonpolar and can go directly throughb. Charged molecules (electrolytes) can’t go directly