NUR 0012 Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. TonicityA. IsotonicB. HypotonicC. hypertonic solutionsII. Active transportA. Primary active transportB. Secondary active transportC. Bulk transport: exocytosis, endocytosisD. Cell structures: mitochondria, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ERE. Mitosis: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesisI. DNA: transcription, translation, RNA polymeraseOutline of Current LectureI. Intro to HistologyA. Tissues: 1. Nervous2. Muscle3. Epithelial4. connectiveB. More on epithelial cells: classifications by shape and number of layersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Simple squamous2. Simple cuboidal3. Simple columnar4. Pseudostratified columnarCurrent LectureI. Histology: tissue and organ level organizationA. Tissues: groups of cells working together to perform specific functions1. Nervous: primarily for communication2. Muscle: contractile to cause movement3. Epithelial: boundaries between environments, linings, coveringsa. Epidermis b. Very diverse, but they share same basic propertiesc. Simple columnar epithelium of the stomach mucosa4. Connective: holds everything together, most variable type (most different cell types)5. Where do different tissue types come from?a. Trace back to one of the 3 germ layers in the early embryo1) Ectoderm: skin, nervous system, nervous tissue2) Mesoderm: muscles, bone, blood vessels, muscle and connective tissue3) Endoderm: linings of digestive, urinary, respiratory tracts, epithelial cells6. Sectioning used to view tissuesa. Longitudinal: slice in half showing empty space in middle called the lumen (lined with epithelial cells)b. Cross: slice horizontally, showing inside of tube containing lumenc. Oblique: not used a lot, cut on an angleB. Epithelial cells: exhibit cellularity, cell membranes of adjacent cells anchored very tightly to each other and to underlying surfaces1. Cover surfaces, create boundaries2. Hexagonal cell shape allows for more cell to cell contact3. Desmosomes: proteins that anchor epithelial cells to each other 4. Exhibits polarity: slightly different usage of word as before, there’s a bottom layer and a top layer, doesn’t have to do with chargea. Basement membrane: anchors to the basil laminab. Apical/free surface: faces some sort of environmentc. Basil lamina/lamina propria: usually some type of connective tissue, keeps epithelium in place5. Avascular: don’t have their own blood vessels6. Some are inervated: some stratified epithelium have nerve endings7. Some can undergo regeneration by mitosis: some have very fast turnover rates (olfactory epithelium is constantly replacing itself) 8. Usually found on surfaces creating barriers between one environment and another9. Epithelial glands: “blobs” of epithelial cells10. Classified by both shape and number of layersa. Shape1) Squamous: flat, scale-like2) Cuboidal: roughly as high as they are wide3) Columnar: tall and narrow, nucleus normally towards basement membraneb. Number of layers1) Simple: one layer, basement right under apical2) Stratified: multiple layers, multiple layers between basement layerand free surface, most common type is stratified squamous, sometimes stratified cuboidal, usually number one job is to protect thingsc. Pseudostratified: falsely stratifiedd. Transitional epithelium: Uppermost layers can transform11. Simple squamous: single layer of flat cells, found where diffusion and filtration are needed, more passive transporta. Found where protection is not very importantb. In alveoli: air sacs of lung tissue, allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffusec. Line inside of blood vessels: the endothelium, inside heart: endocardium1) Keeps platelets and RBCs separate from connective tissue etc.2) Prevents us from dying from blood clots12. Simple cuboidal: single layer of cubical cells, secretion and absorption: have room in them for mitochondria, etc.a. Lining of kidney tubulesb. Ducts, tubes13. Simple columnar cells: single layer of tall, skinny cells, primarily involved in absorption and some secretion of enzymes, mucus, and other substancesa. Digestive tract except for very end of large intestineb. Endometrium: lining of urterus14. Pseudostratified columnar: single layer of cells of differing heights (some don’t reach free surface)a. Goblet cells: secrete mucus to trap particles in respiratory tract, in digestive tract for lubricationb. Can be ciliated: in lower respiratory tract1) Cilia constantly moving to sweep particles away from lungs back up to