KIN 300 Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture II Women a Women and sport b Changing roles III Anthropometry IV Discipline V Changing Concepts and Professions a Profession Preparation for Teachers VI Sport in America Outline of Current Lecture VII Development of Sport VIII Early American Baseball IX Early American Football a College b Professional Current Lecture Development of Sport Characteristics of modern sport are completely different from the characteristics of pre modern sport Characteristics of pre modern sport include No or informal sporadic organization or governing body Simple unwritten rules based on local customs varied between locale Local competition only No distinction between playing spectating No dissemnation of information or statistic records kept Development of Sport These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Characteristics of modern sport included Formal organizations governing bodies NCAA NBA etc Formal standardized written rules rationally pragmatically worked out legitimized by organizational governing body National international competition in addition to local competitions Emergence of specialists professionals with strict distinctions between playing spectating Regular dissemination of information about events to public through newspapers magazines journals Statistics records recorded ESPN Development of Sport Development of sport its distinction from play lead to the development of a scientific field separate from physical education devoted to studying the science of exercise Example the development of sport essentially lead to the development of exercise physiology as it s own academic discipline Development of Sport Although some have their roots in sports from abroad sports that were invented in the US typically during the late 1800 s early 1900 s include Truly American sports because they started in the Americas Lacrosse 1630 Native Americans Baseball Softball Cartwright 1845 NYC Football Camp 1875 New Haven CT Basketball Naismth 1891 Springfield MA Volleyball Morgan 1895 Holyoke MA Mountain Biking Californnia Pickleball Bell and Pritchard 1965 WA state Early American Baseball Evolved from Cricket an English bat ball game that Americans refused to play Social times in America dictated that upper class could would not play against lower class Baseball was much easier faster to play than cricket Cricket was too hard so Americans created baseball Known to be played as early as 1734 Harvard In early to mid 1800s 1855 captured hearts of American became hugely popular at all levels Professional college community high elementary school Early American Baseball Modern game of baseball evolved between 1840 1870 Around 1845 Alexander Cartwrigth helped develop rules used today In 1858 National Association of Base Ball Players formed In 1901 the American League was born Early American Baseball With the popularity of baseball the establishment of professional baseball players more than any other sport in America baseball was the sport that made it known that Americans no longer believed engaging in sport was the domain of children The emergency of baseball as a professional sport legitimized participation in sport in general at any age Sport advocates argued that participation in sport Had health recreational benefits Served as a counterbalance to the evils of the city Developed character through the exercise of discipline self control teamwork Valuable educational tool Sport however still reflected societal trends Whites played in the Major League African Americans played in the Negro League Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 the first black to play in the Major League breaking the color barrier Eddie Kelp a white man briefly played in the Negro League Both men were the object of racial taunting At end of 19th century African American professional ball players began to slowly integrate baseball however the societal trends would not change as quickly Early American Football Extremely violent with no protective equipment Evolved from rugby soccer In early 1800s looked more like soccer then rugby In 1871 students at Harvard modified rules permitted picking up ball making it more like rugby American s valued outcome of game more than how game played Coaches tried to circumvent rules to win game Early American College Football In 1873 Princeton Yale Columbia Rutgers formed Intercollegiate Association for Football to refine codify rules of game 1910 governing agency was renamed the NCAA Early American College Football Walter Camp Yale 1879 Considered the father of American football He set the rules for the basis of football and we still use these today Member of every rules convention in college football s early years Contribution include Replacing rugby s scrummage with line of scrimmage Using system of downs tied to yards gained as means to retain possession of ball Assigning eleven players to team with specific positions Allowing tackling below waist Prohibiting use of arms while blocking In late 19th century more rules developed regarding blocking mass plays scoring holding etc Early American College Football First official college football game played in 1896 Bowl games began in 1902 with Rose Bowl Has evolved into the most popular sport on American college campuses King of Intercollegiate Athletics Trophies awards were granted Coaches first thought to be shady have become national heroes Professional Football Played as early as 1894 Players were blue collar workers and former college football players Struggled to gain legitimacy 1920 the American Professional Football Association APFA was formed Teams were first of modern professional football APFA name changes to National Football League NFL Early struggle for respect and popularity Key players and advertising help build fan base 1946 Color barrier broken when Kenny Washington and Woody Strode joined the Los Angeles Rams 1960 American Football League AFL is formed 1966 First Super Bowl 1970 Merger of AFL and NFL