BIOL 3322 1nd Edition Lecture 8I. Antipsychotic agentsa. First generation antipsychotics i. Chlorpromazineii. Haloperidolb. Second generation antipsychoticsi. Clozapineii. Agonist – amphetamine promote release of dopamineiii. Agonist – cocaine – block reuptake of dopamineiv. Antagonist – chlorpromazine – prevents receptor activationc. Dopamine hypothesis of schizophreniai. Proposal that schizophrenia symptoms are due to excess activity of the neurotransmitter dopamineii. Butiii. Evidence suggests that involvement of excitatory glutamate synapses in schizophrenia iv. Pcp, ketamine, angel dust all block GABAII. Antidepressants & mood stabilizersa. Major depressionb. Characterized byi. Prolonged feelings of worthlessness & guilt ii. Disruption of normal eating habits iii. Sleep disturbancesiv. General slowing of behavior v. Frequent thoughts of suicide c. Common ~6% of adult populationd. Twice as common in women than menIII. Antidepressants a. Agonist – MAO (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) inhibits breakdown of serotonin – more serotonin available for release b. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors block transporter protein of serotonin for reuptake; serotonin will stay in synaptic cleft longer – tricyclic antidepressants (first generation)c. Second generation antidepressants d. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssri)e. Not about acutely changing serotonin in synapses but chronically changing IV. Opioid analgesicsa. Opioid – compound that binds to a group of brain receptors also sensitive to morphine b. Endorphins & their receptors are found in many regions of the brain & spinal cordThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Natural (morphine) and synthetic (heroin, oxymorphone, methadone, oxycodone, fentanyl) opioids mimic the endorphinsd. Morphine acts on 3 opioid receptor classes i. Hippocampalii. Dentate gyrus iii. Cerebral cortex iv. Stratume. Nalophine & naxoronei. Act as antagonists at opioid receptorsii. competitive inhibitors compete w/ opioids for neural receptorsf. heroin i. synthesized from morphine ii. fat soluble & penetrates BBB faster than morphineg. Behavioral stimulantsi. Increase motor behavior & elevate a person’s mood & level of alertnessii. Rapid admin of behavior stimulants is most likely behavior stimulants is most likely associated w/ addiction h. Cocaine i. Obtained from coca plant ii. Blocks dopamine reuptake iii. Powder snorted or injected iv. Crack vaporizes at low temp & vapors are inhaled v. Snorted – to heart then circulated throughout body vi. Smoke – to lungsvii. Cocaine blocks dopamine transporter no dopamine is reuptake i. Amphetamine i. Uses 1. Treat ADHD 2. Treatment for asthma3. Weight loss (by appetite suppressant)ii. Derivative of amphetamine 1. Methamphetamine2. Relatively inexpensive potentially devastating drugj. Psychotropic i. Alter sensory perception & cognitive processes ii. 5 types 1. Acetylcholine ; atropine, nicotine 2. Anandamine; THC 3. Glutamate; PCP ketamine 4. Norepinephrine; mescaline5. Serotonin; LSD psilocybin ecstasy iii. Drugs 1. Mescaline – norepinephrine cactus2. Psilocybin3. Lsd – lysergic acid diethylamide4. Serotonin (high hallucinations)k. PCP/Ketaminei. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)ii. MDMA (ecstasy)l. Marijuana i. Produced from flowering hemp (cannabis sativa)ii. CB1 receptor (partial) blockerm. Synthetic i. Marijuana (K2) ii. Full CB1 receptor