BIOL 3322 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideChapter 1 review:- Simple behavior (NS) – narrow range of behavior- Complex behavior (NS) – wider rand of behavior - Aristotle – mentalism - Descartes – actions governed by either mind/spirit and psychological or controlled by body biologically - Darwin – trait is adapted, if it increases chance of survival it is passed on - Age of the earth o Forms of life 3.5 byao Brain cells 700myao First brain 250 myao Human like brain 6myao Modern human brain 200,000 yrs ago- 5 kingdoms (monera, Protista, plantae, fungi, Animalia)- Chordate NS – bilateral, segmented, brain and SC encased in cartilage/bone, crossed organization, SC is behind the heart and gut- Behavior is related to cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum sizeChapter 2 review- CNS – brain is encased by the skull the SC is encased by vertebrae- PNS – neurons and nerve processes outside of CNS o Sensory connections to receptors in the skin (afferent)o Motor connection to body muscles (outgoing – efferent)o Sensory and motor connections to internal body organs - Meninges – 3 layers of protective tissue (dura mater, arachnoid layer and pia mater)- CSF – cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the meningitis - Neurons - Glial cells- Several axon fibers running together form a nerve when outside the CNS or a tract w/in the CNS - Our evolutionary history our developmental history and our own personal history are integrated at the various anatomical and functional levels of the NS- Spinal reflex – can act independently of the brain, hard to prevent brain cannot inhibit) - Brain stem – hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon (hypothalamus), produce movement and createsa sensory world (tectum and tegmentum)- Forebrain – neocortex, basal ganglia, limbic system - Cytoarchitectonic map – cortical layers (motor cortex and sensory cortex)- Basal ganglia – caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus - Limbic system – amygdala hippocampus and cingulate cortex - SNS – somatic nervous system – monitored and controlled by the CNS - Cranial nerves by the brain - The spinal nerves by the spinal cord segments- Cranial nerves o Olfactoryo Optic o Oculomotor o Trochlearo Trigeminal o Abducens o Facial o Auditory vestibularo Glossopharyngeal o Vafuso Spinal accessoryo Hypoglossal- Dermatome – area of the skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers by a single SC dorsal root- Ten principles o NS produces movement w/in a perceptual world the brain createso The details of NS functioning are constantly changing an attribute called neuroplasticity o Many of the brains circuits are crossed o CNS functions on multiple levels o Hierarchical and parallel brain system organizations o Sensory and motor divisions exist throughout the NS o Sensory input to the brain is divided for object recognition and motor control o Functions in the brain are both localized and distributed o NS works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition Chapter 3 review:- Cells of the nervous system – neurons and glial cells - Neuron – dendrites, cell body or soma, axono Dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon collaterals, teleodendria, terminal button, synapse- Information processing – sensory neurons, interneurons (project to motor neurons) and motor neurons (project to muscles of the body)- Glial cells o Ependymal cello Astrocyteo Microgliao Oligodendroglia o Schwann cell- Crossing the cell membrane – channels, gates, pumps- Autosomes – pairs 1-22- Sex chromosomes pair 23- Genetic mutations – positive, neutral or negative (most)- Tay-Sachs disease – 2 copies required to exhibit trait- Huntington Chorea – only one copy required to exhibit trait - Down syndrome Chapter 4 review:- Galvani – electrical stimulation - Fritsch and Hitzig – electrical stimulation of the neocortex causes movement (arms and legs)- Bartholow – first report of human brain stimulation - Caton – first to attempt to measure electrical currents of the brain using a voltmeter and electrodes on the skull- Electroencephalogram – electrical brain graph that records electrical activity through the skull or from the brain and represents graded potentials of many neurons - Von Helmholtz – flow of info in the NS is too slow to be a flow of electricity - The wave travels along an axon not the charge - Neurons can convey info as a wave induced by stimulation on the cell body traveling down the axon to its terminal – voltmeter detects - Oscilloscope – measuring a neurons electrical activity - Ions diffuse down their concentration and voltage gradients until the water in the left compartment is in equilibrium- Protein molecules embedded in a cell membrane form channels that act as pores to allow certain kinds of ions to pass through the membrane – opposite charges attract - Equilibrium – efflux of chloride ions down the chloride concentration gradient is counteracted bythe influx (inward flow) of chloride ions down the chloride voltage gradient - Concentration gradient = voltage gradient - Resting potential – electrical chg across a resting membrane creates a stor of potential energy (Na, Cl, K and large proteins)- Graded potential – hyperpolarization, depolarization - Action potential - Threshold - Voltage sensitive ion channels- Salutatory conduction - EPSP – excitatory postsynaptic potential - IPSP – inhibitory postsynaptic potential - Temporal summation – pulses that occur at approximately the same time on the membrane are summed- Spatial summation – pulses that occur at approximately the same location on a membrane are summed - Receive info about the world through (bodily sensations, auditory, visual, chemical)- Ion channels initiate the chain of events that produces a nerveimpulse- Motor neurons – end plate, acetylcholine, transmitter sensitive channel (receptors blocked by antibodies result in myasthenia gravis)Chapter 5 review:- Structure of synapses o Synaptic vesicleo Synaptic clefto Chemical synapseo Presynaptic membraneo Postsynaptic membrane o Storage granule - 4 steps of neurotransmission o Synthesis and storage (axon and cell body)o Neurotransmitter release (Ca and calmodulin)o Receptor site activation – transmitter activated receptors – receptor site activation (autoreceptors and quantum)o Deactivation of the neurotransmitter (diffusion, degradation, reuptake and glial cells)o Neurotransmitters – variations and no one to one relationship between a neurotransmitter and a single behavior o Criteria
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