BIOL 3322 1nd Edition Lecture 4 I. Internal structure of a cella. Nucleus – chromosome gene – proteinb. Transcription – messenger RNAc. Endoplasmic Reticulum – site of RNA synthesis i. Codon ii. Info flow contained in genetic codeiii. DNA – transcription - mRNA – translation – polypeptided. Amino acids – peptide bond, polypeptide chaine. Enzymesf. Golgi bodies – proteins go from ER to golgi where they are packaged g. Microtubules – then attached to a motor molecule & moved along a microtubule II. Crossing the cell membrane a. Channel – ions can cross cell membrane through the appropriate channelb. Gate – gates open & close to dictate when ions can crossc. Pump – changes shape to carry substances across III. Emergence a. Cell function b. BehaviorIV. Genomicsa. Human somatic cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes i. Autosomes – pairs 1-22ii. Sex chromosomes – pair 23b. Wild type c. Mutation i. Can have positive effects ii. Neutral effectsiii. Or negative effects (most common)iv. Effects can be specific or wide spreadv. Tay-Sachs Disease – 2 copies required to exhibit traitvi. Huntingtons Chorea – 1 copy required to exhibit traitvii. Down Syndrome viii. Genetic engineering – adding or removing genes from a genome or modification of a geneix. Selective breedingd. Genotype e. Phenotypef. Dominant alleleg. Recessive alleleh. Complete dominancei. Incomplete dominanceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.j. CodominanceChapter 4: Electrical transmission- Electricity linked to neuronal activity- Galvani (18th century) electrical stimulation- Fritsch & Hitzig (mid 19th century) electrical stimulation of the neocortex causes movement - Bartholow (1874) first to report of human brain stimulation- Electricity – a flow of electrons from a body that contains a higher charge to a body that containsa lower charge- Negative pole – the source of electrons; higher charge- Positive pole – location that electrons flow to; lower charge- Caton (early 19th century) first to attempt to measure electrical currents of the brain using a voltmeter and electrodes on the skull - Electroencephalogram – electrical brain graph that records electrical activity through the skull or from the brain and represents graded potentials of many neurons - Von Helmholtz (19th century) – flow of info in the NS is too slow to be a flow of electricity - Bernstein (1886) – it is not the charge but the wave that travels along an axon- Current flows from the negative pole to the positive pole = difference/electrical potential (volts)- Neurons can covey info as a wave induced by stimulation on the cell body traveling down the axon to its terminal – measured by a volt