BIOL 3322 1st Edition Lecture 11Brain & Behavior I. I. Predicted Behavior from Brain structure 1. structural development can be studied and correlated with the emergence of behavior 2. brain development - --- predict ----- behavioral development 3. frontal lobe social development 4. 2. behavior development can be analyzed and predictions can be made about what underlying circuity must be emerging 5. behavior development ---- predict ---- brain development 6. 3. factors that influence both brain and behavior development such as a languageor injury can be studied II. II. influences on brain & behavior - hormones - genes- experiences - injury III. III. Effects of these influences - behavioral development IV. IV. brain growth occurs rapidly due to increases in neural connections & myelination - from 1 month old to 24 months old more and more neurons & more motor control V. V. Post Cerebral development in Human infants - increased myelination - over production of neurons VI. VI. Gross development of human NS1. prenatal stages- zygote (fertilization to 2 weeks)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- embryo (2 - 8 weeks)1. brain, heart, liver development 2. lots of cell division - fetus (9 weeks to birth)1. growth and finishing 2. ability to survive outside of motherVII. VII. Early development in vertebrates- salamander, chick and human look alike VIII. VIII. embryonic development of NS - neural plate- neural tube- about 18 days (early embryonic period)- sheet of cells - endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm - neural plate - flat & lots of cell division - 21 days neuron plate folds in and develops neural tube - forms brain and spinal cord- hollow inside tube - becomes verticals - anterior closes and forms brain - posterior closes and forms SC- if neural tube doesnt develop correctly usually results in miscarriage or condition in baby- neural tube is nursery for cnsIX. IX. Sexual Differentiation - no testosterone secretion by default female gentile will develop X. X. Origins & Neurons & glia cells1. neural stem cellXI. XI. neurotropic factors - proteins that give instructions on how to specialize a stem cell - chemical 2. chemical cell genes get expressed and will then XII. XII. stages of brain development 1. neuronal migration2. differentiation 3. neuronal maturationXIII. XIII. cell birth (neurogenesis; Gliogenesis)- chemical cmp acts to support growth & differentiation in developing neurons; begins about 7 weeks after conception 2. cell migration- tangental migration - around neural tube- radial migration - out from middle 3. cell differentiation - uncommitted precursor cell - cells with some segregation of determinants - further segregation of determinants - intercellular environment - diverse cells 4. neural maturation - dendritic growth & axonal growth - dendritic growth - newborn sparse neurons by 24 months dense - axonal growth - growth cone- filopod - CAM - cell adhesion molecule- tropic molecule 5. synaptic development- formation of 6. cell death & synaptic pruning- born with more neurons than needed - make more synaptic than needed- pruning is needed - density of striate (visual) cortex & prefrontal cortex rapid growth from conception, brith to puberty - from puberty to death decrease in density - thoughtfulness comes after puberty & a period of risky behavior 7. glial development -