BIOL 3322 1nd Edition Lecture 18Lecture 11/4Amygdala – almond of the brain a. Involved in emotion b. Damage to the amygdala (in the temporal lobe) causes aggression, not fearful of anything and overly sexualII. Stimulating emotion a. Explanations for emotion – 3 components of emotionsi. Autonomic response (increased heart rate)1. Hypothalamus 2. Associated structures 3. GSPii. Subjective feelings (fear)1. Amygdala 2. And parts of frontal lobesiii. Cognitions (thoughts about the experience)1. Cerebral cortex III. Prefrontal cortex – executive function of the frontal lobesa. Inputs to prefrontal cortex i. Dorsomedial thalamus ii. Amygdalaiii. Sensory association cortex iv. Ventral tegmental area (dopamine)v. Posterior parietal cortex b. Outputs from the prefrontal cortexi. Sensory associated cortexii. Posterior parietal cortexiii. Cingulate cortexiv. Basal gangliav. Premotor cortexvi. Hypothalamusvii. AmygdalaIV. Amygdala and emotional behavior i. Involved in species – specific behaviors and emotionii. Influences autonomic and hormonal responses via connections with the hypothalamusiii. Influences conscious awareness of the consequences of events and objects via connections with the prefrontal cortexiv. Kluver-Bucy syndrome 1. Damage to the amygdalaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Behavior syndrome 3. Characterized by hyper sexuality… that results from bilateral injury to the temporal lobe 4. Symptoms in monkeys a. Tameness and loss of fearb. Indiscriminate dietary behavior c. Increased autoerotic, homosexual, and heterosexual activity with inappropriate object choice d. Tendency to attend to and react to every visual stimuluse. Tendency to examine all objects by mouth f. Visual agnosia (inability to recognize objects)V. Emotion is essentially arousal a. Very aroused in a good or bad wayb. Or just the opposite of aroused is depressed VI. Prefrontal cortex and emotional behaviora. Damage to the prefrontal cortex has severe effects on social and emotional behavior i. Inability to experience and express their own emotions and to recognize the emotional expression of othersii. Apathy and loss of initiative or drive iii. Inability to plan and organize, leading to poor decision-making VII. Control of regulatory behavior – control eating a. Digestive system i. Mouth, stomach, intestine, gall bladder, pancreas, and anusii. 3 types of nutrients are extracted, each of which is a specialized form of energy reserve1. Lipids (fats)2. Amino acids (building blocks of proteins)3. Glucose (sugar)b. Hypothalamus i. Aphagia 1. Lateral hypothalamus (feeding behavior)2. Condition when an animal will not eatii. Hyperphagia 1. Ventromedial hypothalamus or the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus 2. Ventromedial = satiety 3. VMH lesions – increase in food intake & increase in body weight4. VMH is responsible for turning on satiety queuesVIII. Reward a. Mesolimbic system is involved in rewardb. Once an experience has been had an expectation is madec. Reward has 2 independent processes i. Wanting – incentive ii. liking – evaluation of pleasure iii. usually wanting and liking occur together but this is not always the case iv. Robison and Berridge (2008)1. Wanting and liking have separable neural systems2. Wanting involves dopamine3. Liking involves opioid and benzodiazepine – GABA