BIOL 3322 1st Edition Lecture 21Lecture 11/13I. Brain misbehaving – what happensa. Multidisciplinary research b. Classifying and treating c. Understanding and treating neurological d. Understanding and treating behavioral disorderse. is misbehavior always badII. Fredudian views of the mind a. Primitive functions including instinctual dives of sex and aggression located in the id – unconscious b. Rational part of the mind is the ego c. Superego aspect of the mind acts to repress the id and to mediate ongoing interactions between the ego and the id d. Ego – precomsciouse. Id – unconscious III. Resemblance between Freud’s theory and brain theorya. dorsal frontal cortex is locus of self conscious thoughtb. ventral frontal cortex regulates inhibitions c. limbic system and brainstem regulate instincts and drives d. posterior cortex generates sensory representations of the worldIV. abnormal behavior a. neurologists treat organic disorders of the NS medically b. parkinsons disease and strokec. psychiatrists treat behavior disorders with pharmacological and other medical treatments in combo with behavioral treatments d. schizophrenia and PTSDV. multidisciplinary research on brain and behavior disordersa. behavioral studies investigate the whole organism b. understanding the whole organism requires understanding its parts its cells its chemistryand its genesVI. causes of abnormal behavior a. evidence of brain abnormalities in organic neurological disorders in straightforward and the causes are generally known i. genetic errors – huntingtons disease ii. progressive cell death – alzheimers diseaseiii. rapid cell death – stroke iv. loss of neural connections – multiple sclerosis b. far less is known about the causes of behavioral psychiatric disorders but there must be some abnormality in brain structure of activity These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.VII. causes of certain behavioral disordersa. genetic error – tay sachs diseaseb. hormonal anomaly – androgenital syndrome c. developmental anomaly – schizophrenia d. infection – encephalitis e. injury – traumatic brain injury f. toxins – MPTP poisoning g. poor nutrition – korsakoffs syndrome h. stress – anxiety disorders i. negative experience – developmental delays among Romanian orphans VIII. investigating the neurobiology of behavioral disordersa. phenylketonuria (PKU)i. behavioral disorder caused by elevated levels of the amino acid Phenylalanine inthe blood resulting from a defect in the gene for the enzyme phenylalaine hydroxylase- major symptom is severe mental retardation ii. unlike PKUmost disorders do not involve a single genetic abnormality and the underlying causes are largely conjectural IX. investigating the neurobiology of behavioral disordersa. challenges to diagnosis b. people are not objective of own behavior c. not specific in identifying symptoms d. evaluators have their own conceptual biases (influence questions asked and info they gather)e. research challengesi. brain has a wider variety of cell types than does any other organii. Brain cells and their connection are plastic – they change with experience iii. These features of neurons add a whole new dimension to understanding normal and abnormal functioning f. Systemic complexity i. Heninger (1999)ii. There is no clear evidence of a single receptor system with a specific relation to a specific behavior g. Neuronal plasticity i. It is impossible to tie dopamine depletion to a consistent behavior syndrome ii. Brain has a remarkable capacity for adaptingh. Compensatory plasticity i. Brain lesions do not always produce behavioral symptoms ii. Behavioral symptoms are not always linked to obvious neuropathology iii. People display compensatory plasticity – ability to adapt to neural change and they can display abnormal behavior w/o obvious brain pathology i. Technological resolution i. The resolution of technology may always lack the detail to detect subtle neuronal change such as a drop in dendritic spine density or injury so diffuse that it is hard to identify j. Modeling simplicityi. Models lead to significant advances in understanding of neural conditions and their treatments k. Modeling limitations i. Modeling human disorders is a complex task ii. Use caution when you encounter news reports about studies using animal models that point toward possible cures for human behavioral diseasesX. Classifying and treating brain and behavioral disordersa. The national institute for mental disorders estimates that about one in four people in theUS suffers from a diagnosable mental disorder b. Only minority receives treatment c. Even fewer receive treatment from a mental health specialistXI. Identifying and classifying mental disordersa. Epidemiology i. Study of the distribution and causes of diseases in human populations b. Categorize psychiatric disorders by 3 general typesi. Psychoses ii. Moodiii. Affectc. Criteria for diagnoses in psychiatry i. American psychiatric association’s diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)d. Criteria for diagnoses in psychiatry i. World health organization’s international classification of diseases (ICD-10)e. The use of brain imaging (MRI and PET)i. Not currently used clinically ii. To be clinically useful imaging tools must be sensitive enough to detect unique features of brain disorders and specific enough to rule out similar conditions iii. Imaging is shedding new light on behavioral disordersXII. Treatments for disordersa. The long term prospects for curing organic or behavioral disorders on the macro level depend on the ability to treat structural and biochemical abnormalities at the micro level b. Ultimate clinical