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UT Arlington BIOL 3322 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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BIOL 3322 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 7 (Sept 18)I. Drugs & hormones influence brain & behavior II. Psychopharmacology – psychoactive drugs – exert effect by influencing synaptic chemical signalingIII. Routes of drug administrationa. Injection – SQ, IM, IV i. IV 2nd fasted to the brainii. IM & SQ slower more sustainedb. Oral – safe, economical i. Goes into the stomach, then liver, heart, lungs, then to the brainc. Inhalation – drug into the brain very quickly IV. Blood brain barriera. Right charge, right size & lipid soluble to pass V. Area posterma – entry of toxic substances that induce vomitingVI. Pituitary gland – entry of chemicals that influence pituitary hormonesVII. Pineal gland – entry of chemicals that affect day & night cycles VIII. Eliminating drugs from the body a. Catabolize in kidneys liver & intestinesb. Excreted by urine feces sweat breast milk & exhaled in the airIX. Agonist – substance that enhances function of a synapse X. Antagonist – substance that blocks/decreases function of a synapseXI. Drug action synapses a. Synthesis b. Storage c. Release d. Receptor interactione. Inactivationf. Reuptakeg. DegradationXII. Acetylcholine (Ach)a. Agonist i. Choline – rich diet increases Ach ii. Black widow spider venom promotes release iii. Nicotine stimulates receptors iv. Physostigmine & organophosphates block inactivationb. Antagonist i. Botulin toxin blocks releaseii. Curare blocks receptorsXIII. Tolerance a. Learned behavior results when a response to a stimulus weakens with repeated presentations metabolic tolerance b. Repeated use is reducing amount of drug at target receptorsc. Body gets more efficient at metabolizing substancesd. Cellular – brain cells neurons adjuste. Learned – person learns to cope with having substancef. Cross – tolerance XIV. Sensitization a. Occasional drug user may experience an increased responsiveness to successive equal doses b. Tolerance generally develops with repeated use of a drugc. Sensitization much more likely to develop with occasional used. Comparable to allergic non – sensitive – get stronger second useXV. Sensitization - enhancement of drug effects after repeated administration of same drugs dosingXVI. Classification of psychoactive drugsa. Antianxiety i. Barbiturates – high risk ii. Benzodiazepines – more usefull & safer1. Long term not good2. Short term good3. Sedation sleep relief from anxiety 4. Too much = anesthesia coma death5. Easy to ODiii. Works by GABA receptor 1. Influx of chloride (Cl-) ions hyperpolarizes neuron (IPSP)2. Help GABA do its job better; less likely that AP will fire3. OD bc also decreases respiration – breathingb. Dissociative anesthetics – PCP/ketaminei. Alerted states ii. Distortionsiii. Work by NMDA receptor – noncompetitive receptor free agent iv. NMDA receptors – inotropic receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate Lecture 8 (Sept 23)I. Antipsychotic agentsa. First generation antipsychotics i. Chlorpromazineii. Haloperidolb. Second generation antipsychoticsi. Clozapineii. Agonist – amphetamine promote release of dopamineiii. Agonist – cocaine – block reuptake of dopamineiv. Antagonist – chlorpromazine – prevents receptor activationc. Dopamine hypothesis of schizophreniai. Proposal that schizophrenia symptoms are due to excess activity of the neurotransmitter dopamineii. Butiii. Evidence suggests that involvement of excitatory glutamate synapses in schizophrenia iv. Pcp, ketamine, angel dust all block GABAII. Antidepressants & mood stabilizersa. Major depressionb. Characterized byi. Prolonged feelings of worthlessness & guilt ii. Disruption of normal eating habits iii. Sleep disturbancesiv. General slowing of behavior v. Frequent thoughts of suicide c. Common ~6% of adult populationd. Twice as common in women than menIII. Antidepressants a. Agonist – MAO (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) inhibits breakdown of serotonin – more serotonin available for release b. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors block transporter protein of serotonin for reuptake; serotonin will stay in synaptic cleft longer – tricyclic antidepressants (first generation)c. Second generation antidepressants d. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssri)e. Not about acutely changing serotonin in synapses but chronically changing IV. Opioid analgesicsa. Opioid – compound that binds to a group of brain receptors also sensitive to morphine b. Endorphins & their receptors are found in many regions of the brain & spinal cordc. Natural (morphine) and synthetic (heroin, oxymorphone, methadone, oxycodone, fentanyl) opioids mimic the endorphinsd. Morphine acts on 3 opioid receptor classes i. Hippocampalii. Dentate gyrus iii. Cerebral cortex iv. Stratume. Nalophine & naxoronei. Act as antagonists at opioid receptorsii. competitive inhibitors compete w/ opioids for neural receptorsf. heroin i. synthesized from morphine ii. fat soluble & penetrates BBB faster than morphineg. Behavioral stimulantsi. Increase motor behavior & elevate a person’s mood & level of alertnessii. Rapid admin of behavior stimulants is most likely behavior stimulants is most likely associated w/ addiction h. Cocaine i. Obtained from coca plant ii. Blocks dopamine reuptake iii. Powder snorted or injectediv. Crack vaporizes at low temp & vapors are inhaled v. Snorted – to heart then circulated throughout body vi. Smoke – to lungsvii. Cocaine blocks dopamine transporter no dopamine is reuptake i. Amphetamine i. Uses 1. Treat ADHD 2. Treatment for asthma3. Weight loss (by appetite suppressant)ii. Derivative of amphetamine 1. Methamphetamine2. Relatively inexpensive potentially devastating drugj. Psychotropic i. Alter sensory perception & cognitive processes ii. 5 types 1. Acetylcholine ; atropine, nicotine 2. Anandamine; THC 3. Glutamate; PCP ketamine 4. Norepinephrine; mescaline5. Serotonin; LSD psilocybin ecstasy iii. Drugs 1. Mescaline – norepinephrine cactus2. Psilocybin3. Lsd – lysergic acid diethylamide4. Serotonin (high hallucinations)k. PCP/Ketamine i. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)ii. MDMA (ecstasy)l. Marijuana i. Produced from flowering hemp (cannabis sativa)ii. CB1 receptor (partial) blockerm. Synthetic i. Marijuana (K2) ii. Full CB1 receptor blocker Lecture 9 (Sept 25)I. AlcoholII. Blood Alcohol Concentration a. .02 minimal effectsb. .14 major impairment of mental & physical controlc. .45 coma & may be lethalIII. Factors influencing individual


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