BIOL 3322 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (August 26)I. Origins of Brain & Behavior:a. Frontal lobeb. Temporal lobec. Occipital lobed. Parietal lobee. Central sulcusf. Lateral fissureg. Precentral gyrus h. Postcentral gyrusII. Gyrus – small protrusion or bump formed by the folding of the cerebral cortexIII. Sulcus – groove in brain matter usually found in the neocortex or cerebellumIV. Fissure – very deep sulcusV. Nerve System a. Central Nervous System (CNS)i. Contains brain & spinal cord b. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)i. Somatic nervous system ii. Automatic nervous systemVI. Behavior a. Complexity of behavior varies considerably in different species VII. Simple NS – narrow range of behaviorVIII. Complex NS – wider range of behaviorIX. Behavior can be studied by the learned and the evolutionary history of behavior in species X. Inherited – all members of that species respond in same way (reflexive inherited) XI. Reflexive Behavior a. Humans withdrawn themselves from dangerb. Such as the danger of hear humans will pull away from heat as a reflex w/o thinking about the movement XII. Studying behavior goes back to ancient Greece Aristotle a. Mentalism – behavior as a function of the mindb. Mind – what is it; cannot be seen or studied XIII. Monolistic approach – mind governs behavior not sure how but the outcome is measurable XIV. Dualistic approach – mind/spirit separate the body; controlled either by mind or body but not botha. Mind/spirit Mentalistic Voluntary psychological b. Body Reflective Involuntary Biological XV. Evolutionary history of behavior XVI. Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old a. 1st forms of life 3.5 billion years oldb. 1st brain cells 700 million years oldc. 1st brain 250 million years oldd. 1st human like brain 6 million years olde. modern human brain 200,000 years oldXVII. 5 different kingdomsa. Bacteria b. Protistac. Plantaed. Fungie. AnimalXVIII. Evolution of animals having NSa. Nerve net b. Segmented nerve trunkc. Gangliad. Chordatese. NotochordXIX. Behavior complexity amount chordates is related to the evolution of cerebral hemispheres &cerebelluma. Fish i. Small cerebellumii. Small cerebrumb. Frog i. Small/medium cerebellumii. Small/medium cerebrumc. Bird i. Medium cerebellumii. Medium cerebrumd. Human i. Large cerebellumii. Large cerebrumXX. Rules:a. Bilateral organizationb. Brain & spinal cord encased protected c. Cross organization - left side of brain controls right side of body & vise versad. Spinal cord behind the heart & gutXXI. Australopiherucs – humans & chimpanzees share a common ancestor 5-10 million years agoa. Lucy is between the human and the australopiherusb. Language developed as brain got larger or got larger as the language developed c. Modern human brain size & intelligence XXII. Evolutionary approach a. Brian & behavior comparisons between different speciesb. Difficult to make comparisons between members within the same speciesLecture 2 (August 28) I. Functional organization of NSa. CNS – brain & spinal cordb. PNS – somatic & autonomici. Somatic – cranial & spinal nervesii. Autonomic – sympathetic & parasympathetic c. Sensory – incoming d. Motor – outgoing II. Neuroplasticity – brain is plastic; has the ability to adaptIII. Directional Viewsa. Dorsalb. Medialc. Laterald. Anteriore. Posteriorf. Ventralg. Superior – relation to another part (top)h. Inferior – relation to another part (bottom)i. Coronal plane – separates front from back j. Horizontal plane – separates bottom from top k. Vertical plane – separates 1 side from the otherIV. Overview of brain function & structure V. Meningesa. 3 layers of protective tissue that surround brain & spinal cordb. Dura mater – tough & thick layer that surrounds brainc. Arachnoid – web like between dura & pia matterd. Pia matter – protects brain thin layer & folds of brain VI. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) a. Fills protects cushions & nourishes brain b. Meningitis VII. 4 ventricles a. Third b. Forthc. Right ventricle d. Left ventricle e. Cerebral aqueductVIII. White matter – axonsIX. Gray metter – cell bodiesX. Corpus callosumXI. Brains internal featuresa. Microscopic inspection – cells & fibersb. 2 main types of cells – neurons & glial cellsXII. Nucleus XIII. NervesXIV. Tract – inside neural system XV. Evolutionary History a. Developmental & own personal are integratedb. Various anatomical & functional levels of NSXVI. 3 major components a. Spinal cord i. Controls most body movements & can act independently of the brain as a spinal reflexii. Spinal reflex – autonomic movement brain cannot inhibitb. Brain stem i. Begins where SC enters skullii. Produces movement & creates sensory worldiii. 3 major regions – 1. Hind brain – a. Evolutionary oldest part of the brain b. Contains cerebellum, reticular formation, pons (sexual)& medulla (motor functions, subconsciously) 2. Mid brain –a. Tectum – visual & auditory orient towards range sound floorof midbrainb. Superior colliculs – visual & inferior collictus auditoryc. Tegmentum – fine motor movementsd. Dopamine - readiness movement 3. Diencephalon – a. Hypothalamus – small at base of brain, conveys messages topituitary gland, eating drinking sexual behavior & ectb. Thalamus – channels sensory info, primary role in processing sensory info c. Forebrain – i. Neocortexii. Basal ganglia 1. Voluntary movement/coordination & movement patterns2. 3 structures a. Caudate nucleus b. Putamen c. Globus pallidusiii. Limibic 1. Emotions & memory behaviors in rewarding, satisfying behavior 2. Emotional sexual memory 3. Special navigation4. Amygdala (emotional)5. Hippoa campous (long term memory)Lecture 3 (September 2) a. Cortexi. Cortical layers cytoarchitectonic mapii. 6 layers of cells (gray matter)iii. Memory cortexiv. Precentralv. Integrative – sensory output to other parts of the brain (efferent)vi. Sensory cortexvii. Post central cortexXXIII. Somatic NSa. Monitored & controlled by the CNSb. Cranial nerves by the braini. Olfactory – smellii. Optic – visioniii. Oculomotor – eye movement iv. Trochlear – eye movementv. Trigeminal – masticatory movements & facial sensationvi. Abducens – eye movement vii. Facial – facial movement & sensationviii. Auditory vestibular – hearing & balanceix. Glossopharyngeal – tongue & pharynx movement & sensationx. Vagus – heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement