BIOL 3322 1st Edition Lecture 15Lecture 10/23Detecting patterns in sound a. Music and language are perhaps the primary sound wave patterns that humans recognize b. Music associated with the right hemispherec. Language associated with the left hemisphere d. Ventral and dorsal cortical pathway for audition e. The ventral pathway decodes spectrally complex sounds, auditory object recognition, including the meaning of speech sounds for peoplef. Dorsal auditory stream integrates auditory and somatosensory information to control speech production II. Uniformity of language structurea. All languages have common structural characteristics stemming from a genetically determined constraint (Chomsky, Pinker)b. 1- language is universal in human populationsc. 2- humans learn language early in life and seemingly without effort i. There is likely a sensitive period for language acquisition that is from about 1 to 6 years oldii. A type of mental software for use to learn & use language d. 3- languages have many structural elements in common i. Examples are syntax (arrangement of words and phrases to form sentences) and grammarii. A sentence is not just a string of words it’s more of a hierarchical structure III. Localization of language in the braina. Boca’s area; anterior speech area, left hemisphere, functions with motor complex to produce movements needed for speaking b. Wernicke’s area; posterior speech area, rear of the left temporal lobe, regulates language comprehension i. Spoken word – A1 – Wernicke’s area (contains sound imagines of words) – comprehend word heardii. Thought – Wernicke’s area – Boca’s area (stores motor programs for speaking words) – facial area of motor cortex – cranial nerves – speak c. Boca and Wernicke areas are connected just about corpus callosum; the audio cortex also called area 41IV. Anatomy of language and music processing languagea. Supplementary speech area (vocalization or speech arrest)b. Areas controlling facial movement or sensation (vocalization or speech arrest)c. Aphasia These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Broca’s area (aphasia)e. A1 (sounds heard)f. Wernicke’s area (aphasia)g. Aphasia is a disturbance of comprehension and expression of languageh. Auditory cortex mapped by positron emission tomography (PET) V. Processing music a. Music processing is largely a right hemisphere specialization b. The left hemisphere plays some role in certain aspects of music processing such as thoseinvolved in making music (recognizing written music, playing instruments and composing)VI. Localizing music in the braina. Zatorre and colleagues (1994) PET studyb. 1- passively listening to noise bursts activates Heschl’s gyrus c. 2- listening to melodies activates the secondary auditory cortex d. 3- making relative pitch judgments about two notes of each melody activates a right frontal lobe