BIOL 3322 1nd Edition Lecture 10chapter 7 lecture I. brains structure and function II. measuring brain and behavior III. correlational vs experimental studies - observed frontal lobe impairment in person with violent criminal behavior; induced frontal lobe impairment in a person that then becomes aggressive. frontal lobe impairment causes the behavior or the behavior causes the frontal lobe impairment.IV. neuropsychology - V. study of relations between brain function and behavior VI. origins paul broca (mid 19th century) discovered link between left hemisphere damage &language difficultiesVII. techniques for neuroanatomy - staining cerebral neurons VIII. linking neuroanatomy and behavior IX.development of techniques for neuroanatomy X.in healthy individual - rich in dopamine cell bodiesXI.Parkinson's disease individual - minimal dopamine cell bodies XII. a lot of neuropsycholoical testing of humans revolved around memory - block tapping - tracing image in mirror - can get better over time; worse the first time; improved performance- trail making - memory - how to ride a bike drive a care ect verse memory that recalls what you had for breakfastXIII. behavior analysis of rats - morris swimming task (1980)XIV. modifying the brain and see how behavior is altered- develop hypotheses about ow the brain affects behavior These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- test the hypotheses XV. behavioral neuroscience - study of the biological basis of behavior - includes the study of both humans and laboratory animals- major challenge is to develop methods for studying both normal and abnormal behavior XVI. ethology - study of animal behavior XVII. Brain Lesions - Karl Lashley (1920s)- find location of memory in the brain - ablation - removal or destruction of tissue - Stereotaxic apparatus - allows targeting of specific part of the brain - neurotoxic - electrolytic - brain stimulation - fist done by Wilder Penfield - stimulate the cerebral cortex of humans during neurosurgery - self stimulation - technique stereotaxic apparatus, premaritally added and the animal self administers XVIII. brain stimulation -- transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) - procedure in which a magnetic coil is placed over the skull to stimulate the underlying brain - used either to induce behavior or to disrupt ongoing behaviorXIX. Optogenetics- ChR2 - when exposed to blue light ion channel opens and depolarizes causing excitation - blue light causes excitation - NpHR - a green yellow light activates a chloride pump hyperpolarizing the neuronand causing inhibition - green yellow light causes inhibition XX. measuring the brains electrical activity - brain is always electrically active - electrical measures the brain activity are important for studying brian function - four major regions - Electroencephalography EEG- event related potential - Magnetoencephalography MEG- single cell recording XXI. recording AP form single cells- measuring single neuron AP with fine electrodes- electrodes placed next to cells (extracellular recording) or inside them (intracellular recording) - place cells - neurons maximally responsive to specific locations- discovered in the hippocampus of rats - helps conceptionsXXII. static imaging techniques (CT & MRI)- computerized tomography CT- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) XXIII. functional magnetic resonance imaging - functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)- glucose utilization XXIV. Positron Emission Tomography - very expensive that it is almost prohibited - cognitive functionsXXV. optical tomography- near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)- light only penetrates 2cm down - not as useful but less expensiveXXVI. chemical & genetic measures of BB- measuring the brains chemistry - microdialysis XXVII. Measuring genes in BB- variations in gene sequence contribute to brain organization - studying twins & adopted children allows us to tease apart environmental & genetic contributions to behavior - relate the alleles of specific genes to behaviors XXVIII. epigenetics - changes in gene expression related to experience - wide range of experiential factors - chronic stress, traumatic events drugs culture disease and ect - cumulative experiences affect how genes work XXIX. animal research must meet certain criteria IACUC.orgXXX. 3 R's - reducing - replacing - refine