BIOL 3454 1nd EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 22-26Lecture 22 11/5Chapter 19I. Trilobites, Chelicerates, and MyriapodsII. Phylum Arthropodaa. Roots: Greek arthron (joint)/pous or pods (foot)b. Most diverse phylum c. More than 1.1 million described and many many more undescribed d. Occur in literally all habitats and every place on the surface of the earth e. Hugely successful f. Chitinous segmented exoskeleton a major innovation in morphology g. Arthropoda subgroup relationshipsi. Uniramous (1 branch) or biramous (2 branches)ii. Mandible (jaw insects) or chelicerae (spider)iii. 5 groups 1. Myrjapoda – centipedes & millipedes2. Hexapoda – insects 3. Cherlicerata – spiders, ticks, scorpions, horseshoe crabs4. Crustacean – lobsters, crabs, barnacles 5. Trilobite – trilobites (all extinct)h. diversei. versatile exoskeleton – protective and flexibleii. segmentation and appendages (efficient for locomotion)iii. air piped directly to cells – tracheal air tube system allows for a high metabolic rate possible but limits body sizeiv. highly developed sense organs v. complex behavior patterns that aid diversity of behaviors, sociality and understand symbolism (interactions with other organisms)vi. limit intraspecific competition through metamorphosis – larval forms do not compete for resources (don’t compete w/ offspring)i. characteristicsi. jointed appendages ancestrally that are often modifiedii. bilateral symmetry with a segmented body iii. triploblastic iv. reduced coelom forming a hemocoel v. circular exoskeleton sometimes with CaCO3 vi. complete digestive system vii. complex muscular system viii. nervous system similar to annelidsix. paired excretory glands called coxal, antennal or maxillary some with excretory organs called malpighian tubules x. respire through body surfaces of tracheal systemxi. open circulatory system III. Subphylum Trilobitaa. Probably evolved before Cambrian, extinct for 200 million yrs b. Poster child for fossils – abundant during Cambrian and Ordovician c. Dorsally flattened bottom dwellers d. Can roll up like an isopod e. Probably scavengers f. Chitinous exoskeleton with calcium carbonate g. 3 tagmata – head (cephalon), trunk, pygidium h. Cephalon with 1 pair of antennae, compound eyes, mouth, four pairs of leglike appendages i. No true mouthpartsIV. Class Merostomata, Subclass Eurypterida a. Giant water scorpions b. Thankfully extinct c. Up to 3m long d. From the Cambrian to the Permiane. Head with 6 fused segments, simple and compound eyesf. Chelicerae and pedipalpsg. Dominant predators of the time h. Anterior appendages modified into crushing claws to dent the dermal armor of early fishes V. Subclass Xiphosurida: Horseshoe crabs a. Ancient fossils from Cambrian b. 4 species in 3 genera extant c. Unsegmented horseshoe shaped carapace broad abdomen long rail spike called a telson d. Cephalothorax with a pair of chelicerae one pair of pedipalps and 4 pairs of walking legse. Book gills for respiration (tracheal system leads to book gills)f. 2 lateral less developed eyes and 2 simple eyes on dorsal side of carapaceg. Feed on worms and small molluscsh. Come shore by the thousands at high tide to mate i. Eggs load in a small burrow in the sand larvae resembling trilobites hatch and are washed into the sea with another high tideVI. Class Pycnogonida: sea spidersa. About 100 species b. Shallow to deep c. Very small to 0.75m acrossd. Small thin bodies and 4 pairs of walking legs (mostly just legs)e. Unique feature to arthropods – some segments duplicated some males have extra legs called ovigersf. Circulatory system simple g. No excretory and no respiratory systemsh. Digestive system and gonads branch into legs (b/c of limited space)VII. Class Arachnidaa. Roots: Greek Arachne (spider)b. Includes spiders, scorpions, psuedoscorpions, whip scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy longlegs and othersc. More than 80,000 described species d. Amoung the first terrestrial arthropods e. 2 tagmata: cephalothorax and an abdomen (may be segmented)f. Most predaceous g. Chelicerae sometimes modified into fangs (venom)h. Claws modified pedipalps i. Usually helpful to humans as insect predators j. A few dangerously venomousk. Male pedipalps look different b/c used for fertilization/females still have but don’t usel. Spider organs and senses i. Breathe through book lungs, trachea or bothii. Tracheal system evolved independently from that of insects less efficientiii. Malpighian tubules work with unique resorptive cells in intestinal epithelium iv. Some have coxal glands which are modified nephridia v. Usually 8 simple eyes, each with a lens, optic rod and retina vision usually poor vi. Many mechanoreceptors on body, usually sensory setae covering body vii. Hair for mechanoreceptors m. Web spinning and prey capture i. 2 or 3 spinnerets run to silk glands ii. For their diameter spider silk is stronger than steel iii. Many species use webs to capture prey but also used for nest or burrow lining wrapping prey items molting or throwing silk nets onto preyiv. Some will make a wed net and toss on prey animals Lecture 23 11/7I. Spider reproductiona. Courtship ritual before mating b. Male usually spins a small web deposits sperm then picks it up in pedipalps c. He then inserts pedipalps into females genital openingd. Female lays eggs in silken net may carry it or attach it to something young usually remainin cocoon for a few weeks then disperse II. Dangerous spiders of the USa. Black widows – 5 species i. Neurotoxic – painful venom b. Brown recluses – 13 species i. Hemotoxic – digestive venomIII. Order Scorpiones: scorpions a. 1400 species b. Probably most ancient of the arachnidsc. Predatory mostly on insects and spiders sieze with pedipalps and shred with cheliceraed. Short cephalothorax with chelicera, pedipalps, walking legs, one pair of big median eyes,2 -5 pairs of small lateral eyese. Postabdomen or metasoma of 5 segments with a stinger on the end of the tail f. Comblike pectines that serve as tactile organs g. Reproductioni. Male does a complex mating dance while holding females chelae as he steps back and forthii. Sometimes stings her on edge of cephalothorax – foreplay iii. Male deposits spermatophore on substrate then female picks it up iv. Brood and nourish young in females reproductive tractv. Babies crawl onto mothers back until first molt then they disperse IV. Order Solpugida: sun or camel spidera. In TX b. Non-venomous c. Shred prey