KIN 300 Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I Science and Health II 19th century a Social Change III Battle of Systems IV Development of Physical Education V Biological and Philosophical Issues Outline of Current Lecture II Women a Women and sport b Changing roles III Anthropometry IV Discipline V Changing Concepts and Professions a Profession Preparation for Teachers VI Sport in America Current Lecture Women Mothers of the Race Theories of later 19th century especially affected attitudes towards women exercising o Health particularly important for women Originators nurturers of new life Belief was that defective women produced defective children Thought procreative function of women gave them a special need for physical education Additional justification exercise made women more attractive But should not be used to increase strength Changing views on what the woman should look like These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Encouraged to exercise Exercise should be tailored to their special physiology However Victorian attitudes especially clothing imposed limitations on types of activity women could participate in Women and Sport Mary Allen a gymnasium proprietor starter in Boston summed up the women s movement in PE by stating the following Healthy women could maintain their equilibrium Sick women could restore their health Depressed women could be cheered Fat women could reduce Thin women could build up Mature mothers could maintain their youth to meet the needs of growing children Young mothers could make their bodies the sound holy temple it should be All women could increase their vigor make figures supple Many of these beliefs still held to this day Golden Age of Anthropometry 1885 1900 Anthropometry new academic area Involved the study measurement of body segments girths lengths Used by many disciplines to disprove theories on human nature Members of different classes races Particularly suited for P E research Sought to legitimize P E through quantification of scientific research Quantification numbers comparing results Lending a aura of scientific validity to P E Golden Age of Anthropometry 1885 1900 Anthropometry cutting edge of P E research Dudley Sargent Cambridge Edward Hitchcock M D Amherst College Dudley Sargent Used studies to promote human improvement physical mental moral through exercise to establish first table of physical norms Defining Scope of the Discipline Physical Education used scientific evidence to support exercise as good for society Stated with anthropometric evidence that the means to improve the physical mental moral aspects of the race was through exercise Attempted to gain acceptance of both society science Paradigm problems emerged Lack of body of research Some scientists left profession Promotion of social prejudice racial dominance Anthropometry its misuse dominated through 1890s Physical Education the American Way 1889 Boston conference to develop American version of gymnastics Discussed strengths of each system Discussed what methods to use in American school system Changing Concepts Health as balance of mind body will was challenged by new biological medical evidence Specifically germs their connection to diseases Faith grew in medicine s ability to promote sustain health rather than religion Inoculations Purification of water milk New surgical techniques Asepsis infection prevention Health conscious infection gloves wash hands understanding germs Changing Profession Focus on growth of professions science medicine affected education specifically P E P E adjusted its focus purpose FROM Promotion of gymnastic exercise anthropometry at core TO Play theory as rationale for physical education pedagogical use of play games sport as methodology Another shift in physical education Focus on growth of professions science medicine affected education specifically P E Career opportunities in P E increased for both men and women Gymnasium directions Physical training instructors Playground leaders Hygiene teachers However many self proclaimed experts entered market w little expertise Movement began to improve professionalize the teaching of P E Professional Preparation of Teachers One of AAPE s most important goals of this time was to improve and professionalize the teaching of physical education P E teachers Debates over training of P E teachers Between AAAPE administrators school teachers Primary training in medicine or education Private Normal schools only programs available for facilitated training for teachers Following the transformation of 19th century more programs evolved First graduate course work in physical education begin in 1891 Professional Preparation of Teachers Dudley Sargent Harvard Summer School of Physical Education opened in 1887 In 1900 courses on sports were added for men women 1866 California passed law requiring P E in schools test question To promote health and vigor Provide means for military defense Other states followed throughout 1890s Four year programs introduced between 1892 1911 Stanford Harvard U of California Nebraska Oberlin Columbia U U of Wisconsin Must be certified Began to place departments in education Emergence of state legislation Need to train physical educators 1919 state licensure laws for teaching specialty in physical education to improve standards in teaching 1921 Compulsory P E in 28 states 1930 teaching certification required in 38 states P E leaders continued to debate what constituted a trained physical educator Struggle to attract competent recruits Perception that teachers taught teach only play not sciences Tremendous need for teachers allowed minimum training Factors led to feelings of professional inadequacy Sport in America The change in American culture from rural farming to urban industrial provided both the necessary number of people as athletes spectators as well as the technology for sports as we know them today Move from rural to urban societies Technological advancements Americans became less resistant to idea that adults could use spare time for recreational activities including participating spectating sport People want to engage in activities Model for sport in place by late 1800s Movement to the cities supported the push for sport recreational activities Technological advancements were used in the sport world The technological changes in early 19th Century that had huge