KIN 300 Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture II Sport in Colonial America a Native American Sport b Attitudes c New England Puritans i Puritans and Sport ii Sabbath and Sport d Sport in Mid Atlantic e Sport in South f Horse Racing Outline of Current Lecture I Science and Health II 19th century a Social Change III Battle of Systems IV Development of Physical Education V Biological and Philosophical Issues Current Lecture The Impact of Science and the Concept of Health on the Theoretical and Professional Development of Physical Education 1885 1930 19th Century and Health Health and fitness were fashionable Major concern of Americans Europeans Popular topic in books lectures articles Endless variety of health enhancement techniques Health promotion and wellness were major components in 19th century physical education These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 19th Century and Health Health was concern to Americans as disease was prevalent Epidemics of cholera Typhus typhoid Scarlet fever influenza Diphtheria smallpox Measles whooping cough Tuberculosis Medicine in 19th Century State of medical knowledge ineffective Treatments included bleeding leeching and cupping Medicine was administered containing toxic substances such as arsenic strychnine emetics and mercurial compounds Medicine in 19th Century State of medical knowledge ineffective Medical experts believed the state of one s mind could predispose the body to disease Health was believed to be a matter of moral character It is during this time that dialogue between physicians physical educators began over the relationship between mind body with regard to health Begin to investigate and look into mind and body Medicine and 19th Century Health reform Popular interest in health and scientific discoveries Alternative medical theories and treatments emerged Vegetarianism Electropathy Homeopathy Social Change in 19th Century America Period of radical change in American society including Emergence of a middle class Bureaucratic society of specialization expertise Colleges and universities became increasingly professional Began to cater to pragmatic career oriented students through specific disciplinary departments Instead of focusing primarily on liberal arts lit language philosophy history Social Change in 19th Century Traditionally unchallenged authority of law religion and medicine was gone New disciplines were developed to house the new and evolving bodies of knowledge People started thinking for themselves Evolution of thought Medicine began to develop subdisciplines Physical education was one of these groups Defining Physical Education o PRIOR TO 1885 PHYSICAL EDUCATION in the broad sense DID NOT EXIST AS FORMAL FIELD OF EDUCATION Start of own career field Coaching PT etc Social Change in 19th Century Physical education want to educate people they want to teach and have people understand why it is so important and why they are doing activities Sought to reflect social ideas of this era Specialists trained organizations developed to determine needs and direction of the emerging profession Names such as physical culture physical training and physical education thrown out as title Physical Education survived as the name most closely identified with professional field academic discipline Physical Education History The Battle of Systems was based on early physical education programs using the German system the Swedish system or a combination of both in addition to Calisthenics The Battle for System Dominance German System Swedish System Beecher System Hitchcock System Sargent System Battle of the Systems 1885 1900 Almost all early physical education programs in America were gymnastic systems imported from Europe Most were formal approaches to exercise Movements were prescribed and done in unison by a group of students Battle of the Systems 1885 1900 Loyalty to a particular system in Europe was a way to show pride in your country i e nationalism A dominant psychological theory of the day known as faculty psychology held that the mind could be trained by precise repetitive practice Typical 1800 s gymnasium The German System Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Purpose Build a strong unified Germany by balancing academic and physical education Activities jumping running throwing climbing vaulting simple games of running and dodging Apparatus Horizontal bars balance beams vertical ropes ladders vaulting horses parallel bars running tracks First American application Round Hill School in Northampton Massachusetts and Harvard College The Swedish System Per Henrik Ling Purpose Regain vigor and national pride and renew spirit with a scientifictherapeutic system of gymnastics Activities swinging climbing vaulting resistance exercises passive therapeutic manipulation Apparatus swinging ladders rings vaulting bars stall bars The Swedish System First American application Boston philanthropist Mary Hemenway gave funds to build Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard College incorporated into Boston school system in 1890 The Beecher System Catharine Beecher Purpose Develop a system of appropriate female activities Activities archery swimming horseback riding calisthenics done to music calisthenics using light weights Apparatus light weights wands Catharine Beecher Mother of American PE Test question who is mother of American PE Developer of Calisthenics Light exercises for health beauty Women died from child birth they didn t have medicine and technology like we do today 1852 founded the American Women s Education Association 1856 published a manual of physiology and calisthenics Women s physical training The Beecher System First application Beecher created a system of 26 lessons in physiology and 2 in calisthenics with light exercise all designed to correspond to the assumption that programs for men were too vigorous for women and required too much strength The Dio Lewis System Dioclesian Lewis Purpose First effort to develop an American system based on grace of Beecher system and scientific nature of the Ling system Activities exercise routines vigorous enough to raise heart rate but not as vigorous as prescribed in German system routines accompanied by music social games and dance routines The Dio Lewis System Apparatus beanbags wands dumbbells clubs hand rings First application The Lewis System was adopted by progressive schools In 1860 Lewis founded the Boston