KIN 300 Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture II Education and Physical Education in Medieval Times III Dark Ages IV Middle Ages V Views of Body VI Religion VII Goals VIII Development IX Physical Education of Peasants X Late Middle Ages XI Scholasticism XII Thomas Aquinas Outline of Current Lecture I Renaissance and Reformation a Cultural Changes b Philosophers and Educators i Martin Luther ii John Calvin Current Lecture The Renaissance The Reformation 1300 1600 Renaissance The Renaissance was an intellectual reawakening Rebirth of thinking Renaissance means rebirth or revival of the classics specifically Aristotle Plato Reintroduced Greek and Roman thought in intellectual circles Adopted Humanism the Humanistic approach These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Emphasized Admiration for the ancient Greeks Romans The job of living enjoyment of physical body Have sex eat what you want enjoy your body Engaging in physical activity as an art form not warfare Renaissance During this time the Church had to compete with the philosophies literature and paganism of ancient Greece and Rome especially pertaining to the view of the body Reintroduced the idea of physical activity as an art form rather than simply training for warfare The ideal of the Renaissance Man evolved a well rounded individual who used the body to develop discipline character Focus on exercise for fun and it s different forms Physically fit and having a sculpted body Reformation The Reformation was an effort to reform the Church Church told people what to think but the Reformation would change this People began to love their body as well as God Old ideals about the body developed by Greeks Romans reemerged specifically that the body housed the soul as such the body could not be degraded Eventually leading to the though that the quality of the soul could be determined from the behaviors of the person and the state of their physical body By exercising and not overindulging Reformation The Renaissance and Reformation were very threatening to the church a religious reawakening The Church had become a political institution as opposed to a religious institution in which Popes sought personal gain not spiritual perfection Cultural Changes of the Renaissance Prior to the Renaissance the church was the voice of secular authority Secular refers to matters of this world like politics and education as opposed to matters of the church The Church had secular influences on the development of nations urban economies based on trade and commerce thought and culture Reformation resulted in separation between church and state Cultural Changes of the Renaissance Church leaders told Christians how to live in this world so they could gain entrance to heaven in the next life Opposite of what church emphasizes Christian religion emphasized the idea that the human body was evil and focused on life in the next world Cultural Changes of the Renaissance In intellectual circles the classical philosophies of Plato and Aristotle rivaled Christian theology The ideals of the Renaissance emphasized acceptance of the human body focused on how to live in this world the Humanistic approach These ideals led to important educational changes and laid the groundwork for the revival of physical education and sport in Western civilization Education for individual was his her own responsibility not the church Renaissance Philosophers and Educators of the Renaissance Petrus Paulus Vergerius 1370 144 Considered the true founder of the new education Humanist Model for education was Sparta Public interest not religious Set forth basic ideas of humanist education with the following thoughts on the subject Education was a matter of public interest Should create good citizens of the state Believed the best way to develop good citizens was to begin at an early age Emphasized physical education as part of the education of the total individual Philosophers and Educators of the Renaissance Vittorino da Feltre 1378 1446 Devout Christian and humanist Influenced by Plato Cited as one of the first modern educators Blended Christianity with the classics and Greek concepts of physical education Believed in Christian education of the sprit mind body Developed health of his students through mandatory participation in 2 hours of physical activity daily His education model is the basis one upon which subsequent physical education programs were based Cultural Changes of the Renaissance The rise of the nation state also took control away from the church No longer in hands of the church Nation can exist separate from the church The idea developed that a nation could exist separate from the church Schisms or divisions developed within the church from political groups within the Catholic Church competing for power Cultural Changes of the Renaissance During this era Europe experienced several vicious wars Hundred Years War Crusades While war had obvious devastating consequences it also had the effect of shaking Europe out of its feudal traditions and providing an opportunity for the exchange of philosophical ideas Cultural Changes of the Renaissance A variety of other factors combined to cause great changes in the fabric of European culture Including overpopulation famine intellectual curiosity religion Every institution was forced to change and education was no exception The Reformation Big change in education The Reformation from a religious perspective moved the Catholic Church from the role of middleman and placed the authority of one s religiosity education in the hands of that individual Responsibility no longer in church but rather in society right as an individual From a social and political perspective it led to the creation of various Protestant sects and a rebuilt version of the Catholic Church Philosopher Educators of the Reformation o Martin Luther 1483 1546 Indulgences were wrong salvation is by faith Catholic church is the not the middle man Church is not responsible not catholic Each person is responsible for self own salvation Paved way for much of democratic thought and thoughts on universal education You are in charge physical education on your own time Luther advocated education for everyone Religious education was most important Did not approve of teaching sport or physical activity but did believe in engaging in acceptable active pastimes Reformation Luther