KIN 300 Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I Rome a The Etruscans b Ancient Rome c Roman Sport i Military Training ii Women and Sport d Roman vs Greeks e Games and Spectacles i Arenas Outline of Current Lecture II Education and Physical Education in Medieval Times III Dark Ages IV Middle Ages V Views of Body VI Religion VII Goals VIII Development IX Physical Education of Peasants X Late Middle Ages XI Scholasticism XII Thomas Aquinas Current Lecture Education and Physical Education in Medieval Times 476 1400 Medieval Times 500 1400 A D or The Dark Middle Ages A time associated with knights in shining armor lavish banquets wandering musicians kings queens bishops monks pilgrims and glorious pageantry Medieval life as depicted by Hollywood seems heroic entertaining and romantic These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute In reality life in the Dark Middle Ages was sometimes all these things as well as harsh uncertain and often dangerous Organized sport and physical education during this era was for the most part non existent save the tournament The Dark Ages 476 900 The collapse of Rome in A D 476 resulted in a state of chaos Civilization deteriorated and entered a bleak period known as the Dark Ages Europe regressed into kingdoms similar to tribal societies The Dark Ages 476 900 Society gradually became feudalistic with castles and walled cities designed by and for people desperate for protection and self preservation Christianity spread throughout the ruins of the Roman Empire The church gradually became both the source of all spiritual solutions and an enormous political and economic power In charge of all aspects of society no separation Only regular engagement in physical activity was work Middle Ages 900 1400 Around 900 people began to emerge from the cultural and intellectual darkness that epitomized the Dark Ages into a time called the Middle Ages Although it was still dangerous to travel and wars were still common the Middle Ages were an improvement over the Dark Ages The Middle Ages is know for events ranging from the ascetic views of Christian monks to the athletic feats of knights during the Age of Chivalry to the use of sport in preparation for the Crusades Middle Ages 900 1400 Most early Christians rather than glorify the body held it in contempt Not to enjoy body sex for reproduction not for fun The latter part of the Middle Ages were characterized by self denial and even bodily mortification self inflicted pain and punishment supposed to inhibit bodily lusts and desires and in so doing prepare one s soul for heaven Starvation abuse etc felt the need to punish themselves Philosophical Views of the Body Early Christians looked upon the human body as vile and corrupt and beyond redemption Orthodox Christians rejected idea that body was evil however they were in the minority Some early Christians ascribed to ascetic dualism the belief that the human body should be denied any kind of pleasure in order to purify the soul Influence of Religion on Medieval Education From the 6th to the 11th century monasteries and convents comprised the majority of educational institutions Early Church monastic teaching was adopted from mystic Hindus Persians Hebrews and Egyptians These ideals promoted strict obedience and charity Goals of Medieval Education Monks the educators of the times were spiritual soldiers and athletes Their harsh life of hard labor made them strong thus they had no use for exercise nor was it of any value to them Therefore all curricular materials were directed toward theology not physical activity Hot baths and swimming were forbidden cleaning one s soul was more important than the body Physical activity for fun was forbidden religious beliefs Development of Aristocratic Sport Chivalric education served as an ideal of civilized Christianity in a world of savage barbarism The only profession nobility had was war Thus physical education and sports prepared the young for the military Led to development of Tournaments Development of Aristocratic Sport Medieval tournament became celebration of social order Only nobility Knights particularly allowed to participate peasants allowed to watch Purely for fun and entertainment Evolved from free for all event into ordered events Tournament based largely on war games were gala affairs that were social and recreational Development of Aristocratic Sport The joust was an event designed to test the horsemanship and weapons skill of the individual knights and was usually the focus of the tournament Entertainment form of what it was like to be in battle Development of Aristocratic Sport Tournament included Joust the most famous of period was mounted horsemen trying to knock each other off Melee groups of knights in hand to hand combat Although condemned by church initially knightly sports were accepted during era of Crusades Physical Activity of Peasants in Medieval Times Peasant serf life was particularly hard Owned home but worked land as rent for protection Recreation participation in games and amusements extremely limited Physical Activity of Peasants in Medieval Times Participation in games allowed only on Sunday after church Major holidays considered pagan which extended over several days filled with foods entertainment games Often degenerated into drunken free for alls Games of Medieval times less well organized than those of classical antiquity Physical Activity of Peasants in Medieval Times Popular games included Archery Running races Wrestling Some early versions of hockey and baseball Bowling kegels Tennis Horse racing Cards Dice games Physical Activity of Peasants in Medieval Times Most popular game of peasants was Soule resembled combination of both current soccer football A gall game that tended to be rough and lax on rules Ball might have been made of pig s bladder Played between two goals markets or balcony of churches Many versions as local customs governed rules Philosophical Views of the Body Physical Activity From 6th to 11th centuries church teachings go unchallenged Body is still held in contempt According to both theological and philosophical positions physical education and sporting activities were considered unnecessary and were all but absent from education during the Middle Ages except for military activities The Late Middle Ages Crusades contact with Muslim culture stimulates new ideas and