Discussion Section 2 Reading Primary Source Articles Week of 9 8 14 Questions in small groups 1 What is a primary source and what is a secondary source Which is this article 1 What is a peer reviewed article Reading Primary Scientific Sources Which is the primary source How do you know Which do you trust vs Primary Sources First hand reports of findings of scientific investigation This is a primary source article Why Because the authors are reporting directly on the scientific research study that they investigated Newspapers and Magazines Cardiorespiratory fitness body composition and allcause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men would not appear in a newspaper or magazine A reporter may hear about this study read it and then write a summary of its findings The reporter would be indirectly reporting the findings This would be a secondhand account or secondary source A Game of Telephone Using primary sources is always a better choice Using newspaper and magazine articles is almost never appropriate for academic research Who s checking their work vs The main magazine editor A panel of experts in the field These articles go through the peer review process What is the peer review process The peer review process Why is peer review process so important Published articles have been reviewed by multiple experts Adds credibility Quality control Poorly done experiments and crazy unsupported findings are weeded out Better able to trust findings results Peer Reviewed or Not Peer Reviewed or Not Peer Reviewed or Not Scientific Method Ask Question Background Research Construct Hypothesis Try Again Test with Experiment Analyze Results Hypothesis True Hypothesis False Report Results Sections of A Scientific Article 1 Title 2 Author s 3 Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Subjects and Methods 6 Results 7 Discussion 8 References 9 Tables and Graphs Sections of A Scientific Article Ask Question 1 Title 2 Author s 3 Abstract Background Research Construct Hypothesis 4 Introduction 5 Subjects and Methods Test with Experiment 6 Results Report Results Analyze Inerpret Results 7 Discussion 8 References 9 Tables and Graphs Questions in small groups 1 What did authors want to find out with this study What was the purpose of the study 2 Who were the subjects of the study 3 What were the findings of the study 4 Were you surprised by the findings 5 How could health professionals use this information to help their patients Ask Question What was the research question and purpose of the paper Background Research Try Again Construct Hypothesis Research Question Should cardiorespiratory fitness also be considered when body composition and mortality are related Purpose Examine health consequences of body fatness and cardiorespiratory fitness in relation to all cause and CVD mortality in men Test with Experiment Analyze Results Hypothesis True Hypothesis False Report Results What was some of the evidence the authors used to build their case Ask Question Background Research Try Again Construct Hypothesis Previous studies not well controlled i e smoking status Methods in previous studies not as accurate Few studies measuring body fatness and mortality Test with Experiment Analyze Results Hypothesis True Hypothesis False Etc Report Results Who were the subjects Ask Question Background Research Construct Hypothesis Try Again Test with Experiment Analyze Results 21 925 men Hypothesis True Hypothesis False 30 83 years Report Results How did they assess body fat Skin Folds Hydrostatic weighing Scientific Method Ask Question What was the main result of this study Background Research Construct Hypothesis Try Again Test with Experiment Body fatness is directly related to allcause and CVD mortality Being fit decreases all cause and CVD mortality risk across all levels of body fatness Cardiorespiratory fitness influences health effects of obesity Analyze Results Hypothesis True Hypothesis False Report Results Figure 3 Unfit Remember each group is compared to the fit lean men Unfit Across all levels of body fatness unfit men have higher relative risk of mortality compared to the fit lean men But do we believe the results Could other factors affect mortality Adjusting for other factors Age examination year cigarette smoking alcohol intake and parental history of ischemic heart disease can affect all cause mortality With statistics we can tease out the effects of other factors so that we can figure out the effect cardiorespiratory fitness has on mortality In plain English After the effect of age examination year cigarette smoking etc on mortality are taken into account unfit lean men still have double the risk of all cause mortality compared to fit lean men What do you think 1 Were you surprised by the findings 2 How could health professionals use this information to help their patients Don t forget that Discussion Quiz 2 is due on Moodle by 11 59 p m on Sunday 9 21 14
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