KIN QUESTIONS LECTURE 11. How do you define metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism? a. Metabolismis the set ofchemical reactionsthat happen in livingorganismsto sustain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories.Catabolismbreaks downorganic matter, for example to harvest energy incellular respiration.Anabolismuses energy to construct components of cells such asproteinsandnucleic acids.b. Catabolismis the set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and releaseenergy.[1]In catabolism, large molecules such aspolysaccharides,lipids,nucleic acidsandproteinsare broken down into smaller units such asmonosaccharides,fatty acids,nucleotides, andamino acids, respectively. As molecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are made from long chains of these smallmonomerunits (mono= one+mer= part), the large molecules are calledpolymers(poly= many).c. Anabolism is the set ofmetabolic pathwaysthat construct molecules from smaller units.[1]These reactions requireenergy. One way of categorizingmetabolicprocesses, whether at thecellular, organ or organism level is as 'anabolic' or as 'catabolic', which is the opposite. Anabolism is powered by catabolism, where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts and then used up inrespiration. Many anabolic processes are powered byadenosine triphosphate(ATP). 2. What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics and what relevance does it have to nutrition and performance?The law states thatenergycan be transformed, i.e. changed from one form to another, but cannot be created nor destroyed. It is usually formulated by stating that the change in theinternal energyof a system is equal to the amount ofheatsupplied to the system, minus the amount of work performed by the system on its surroundings. I think that it is related to nutrition because any amount of food you consume never gets destroyed only gets converted to a different form of energy. 3. What is the basic unit of energy?Kilocalories4. What kinds of molecules contain USEABLE energy?Carbohydrates, Proteins, fat and ethanol5. What is energy balance?Relationship between energy intake (food) and energy output (useful energy + heat) is called energy balance.6. What are 2 strategies used to maintain energy balance and what are the “human equivalents” to the gila monster and the golden-crowned kinglet?1. low intake low output2. High intake high output 7. What do we mean by “Human Performance”?1. Maximize “quantity of life”2. Minimize risk for disease?3. Maintain ideal body weight/shape4. Maximize “quality of life”5. Different for everyone. Changes over time.LECTURE 21. What are some of the possible ways to define “Human Performance? The quality of a persons life.2. Is “exercise” the same thing as “physical activity”? If not, how would you differentiate between “exercise” and “physical activity”? No exercise is not the same thing as physical activity. Exercise is a more of a fixed series of actions in order to reach some goals through physical activity. Whereas physical activity can justbe walking , moving the lawn or even climbing the stairs would count as physical activity. 3. Are physical characteristics like low body fat a key component of “health”? What are somespecific examples of being healthy without being “lean”? Being lean without necessarily being healthy?Having low body fat definitely is a component of health4. What are the characteristics of people who are “”fit but fat”?This means that they have some extra body weight but still get the same or close enough amount of exercise that a normal “lean” person gets.5. How is it possible for physically active people to maintain a high body fat content?There are many factors to this, they might have a low metabolism and their energy intake might exceed their energy output by a lot.6. Does this mean that body fat has NO effect on overall health or athletic performance.That’s not true obviously being physically active has some good effects on your body whereas having more body fat is detrimental to your health no matter how physically active you are.LECTURE 4 1. What is meant by the term “diet”? Habitual pattern of eating which may or may not involve weight loss.2. What are some of the problems with trying to accurately measure someone’s habitual diet?Daily variations, Seasonal variations make it hard to get accurate diet data.3. Why is it important to be able to accurately measure diet? We care about measuring accurate diet data because we need to know that to determine Human Performance.4. Let’s say you collect information on diet and heart disease and find the following relationship:- This does not show an obvious coalition between the amount of fat in your diet and therisk of heart disease because many factors are not being considered. The factors not being considered are gender, race, age , genetics and other “risky behaviors.”5. Even if all of the other factors are accounted for, can you say with certainty that more fat in the diet = more heart disease? Why not?No even if all the other factors were accounted for we cannot certainly say that more fatin the diet = more heart disease. Because there could be many other causes for heart disease not related the amount of fat in your diet.6. What are some of the barriers to doing an EXPERIMENTAL study in which you take a group of people and control the amount of fat in their diet and assess which ones get heart disease?There are many barriers to doing an experimental study to accurately study the relationship between the amount of fat in your diet and the risk of heart disease. First ofall to conduct such an experiment you would need about 1000 people who would be volunteering about 60-70 years of their lives to have all their meals controlled. It would be pretty hard and close to impossible to find such people. And even if they did the cost of the meals for each volunteer would be too much money. Cause you would be supplying each of their meals for 60 years in order to ensure the amount of fat in their diet.7. Why is it unwise to change your diet or exercise patterns based on the results from just one