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UMass Amherst KIN 110 - exam 1 questions

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Lecture 2 9.6.131. How do you define metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism?a. Metabolismi. sum of all life processesb. Catabolismi. Breaking down molecules/polymers (energy production)c. Anabolismi. Building up of muscles/polymers from smaller unitsii. Energy storage2. What is the 1st law of thermodynamics and what relevance does it have to performance?a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted to different forms3. What is the basic unit of energy?a. Kilocalories (= Calories)4. What kind of molecules contain useable energy?a. Fats, CHO’s, ethanol, PRO5. What is energy balance?a. Energy input/energy output6. What are 2 strategies used to maintain energy balance and what are the human equivalents to the gila monster and the golden-crowned kinglet?a. Gila monster = low output, low intakeb. Golden-crowned kinglet = high output, high intake7. What do we mean by “Human Performance”?a. Athletic performanceb. One event, one season, whole careerLecture 3 9.9.131. What are some of the possible ways to define “Human Performance?”a. One event, one season, whole career2. Is “exercise” the same thing as physical activity? If not, how would you differentiate between the two?a. Nob. Exercise – planned, done for the sake of doing itc. Physical activity – different goal in mind3. Are physical characteristics like low body fat a key component of health? What are some specific examples of being healthy without being lean? Being lean without being healthy?a. Not necessarily – sometimes thoughb. Lean without healthy – bulimia, anorexia nervosac. Healthy without lean – slow fat triathlete4. What are the characteristics of people who are fit but fat?a. Low Blood triglycerides level5. How is it possible for physically active people to maintain a high body fat content?a. Input is higher than outputb. genetics6. In the study by Gerson et al., she compared a group of 10 lean fit women (Body fat: 17%, training 10 hr. per week) with group of 10 overweight fit women (Body fat: 34%, train 10 hr. per week) and group of 10 overweight unfit women (Body fat: 36%, no regular exercise) Despite having TWICE the body fat, blood triglycerides were as low in overweight athletes (OA) as in lean athletes (LA). Non-exercising women (OS) had triglycerides thatwere much higher (meaning less healthy). Does this mean that body fat has no effect on overall health or athletic performance?a. No, generally people with higher body fat are less healthy and havepoorer performance. However, it is worse to be slim and unfit that tohave high body fat percentage. Lecture 4 9.11.131. What is meant by the term diet?a. Habitual pattern of eating2. What are some of the problems with trying to accurately measure someone’s habitual diet?a. People lieb. People change behavior3. Why is it important to be able to accurately measure diet?a. Accurate assessment can relate to athletic performance and health4. Does this prove that the more fat you have in your diet, the greater your risk to get heart disease? If not, why not? What are some things that are not being considered? (based on graph of % of people who get heart disease vs. dietary fat as a % of total kilocalories)a. Not necessarily, there are too many factors: gender, age, ethnicity, other risky behaviors5. Even if all of the other factors are accounted for, can you say with certaintythat more fat in the diet = more heart disease? Why not? a. Nob. Unethical to test forc. correlation6. What are some of the barriers to doing an EXPERIMENTAL study in whichyou take a group of people and control the amount of fat in their diet and assess which ones get heart disease? a. Costb. Timec. Unethical7. Why is it unwise to change your diet or exercise patterns based on the results from just one study? a. Not conclusiveb. May be extremely specific and not apply to youLecture 5 9.13.111. What is resting metabolic rate? a. Energy required to do nothing & be alive2. What kinds of factors determine the resting metabolic rate? Which one is the most important and why? a. Ageb. Genderc. Activityd. Geneticse. Biggest contributor: muscle mass (higher number of calories burned while at rest)3. What is “diet-induced thermogenesis”? What is it used for? About what % of the total daily energy expenditure is it? a. 10% of total energy needsb. average about 240 kcalsc. energy required for digesting/absorbing food4. What happens to the DIT when you try to lose weight by eating fewer Calories? How does the change affect the maintenance of lost weight? a. DIT goes down, fewer Calories burned5. What is important about ATP (adenosine triphosphate)? a. Energy used by the body6. What factors determine the total amount of energy (ATP) required to accomplish a task? a. Rest/exerciseb. Intensityc. Availability of stored fuelsd. durationLecture 6 9.16.131. What are the overall goals of digestion and absorption? a. Get nutrients for the body and get rid of what isn’t needed2. What key processes occur in the mouth? What nutrient is primarily involved? a. Liquefication – salivab. Mechanical disruption - chewing3. what key processes occur in the stomach? What nutrient is primarily involved? What is the significance of pepsin? What happens to CHO digestion in the stomach and why?a. Muscle contractionb. HCl, gastrin, pepsin – chemical digestionc. Pepsin breaks down proteinsd. CHO stops because amylase is denatured4. what key processes occur in the duodenum (upper 12-18” of the small intestine)? a. Released slowly into intestine, combines with pancreatic juices & bile duct5. what key roles does the pancreas play in digestion? a. Pancreas neutralizes acidic food (sodium bicarbonate)6. what is the major function of bile?a. Bile made in liver coats fat droplet, cholesterol, prevents them from forming big drops7. What is the connection between bile and blood cholesterol levels? a. ^Lecture 7 9.18.131. How are fats digested and what are the products? a. Lipasesb. Triglycerides and fatty acids2. What enzyme digests carbohydrate and what is the product? a. Amylase  glucose3. What enzyme digests protein and what are the products?a. Pepsinb. Amino acids4. Where does most nutrient absorption take place? a. Small intestine5. What anatomical modifications in the jejunum increase the possibility that all nutrients will be efficiently absorbed? a. Foldsi. Rolling hillsb. Villii. Increase by 10xc. Microvillii. Increase by 20xii. Hedgehog spikes6. How much do these modifications increase


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UMass Amherst KIN 110 - exam 1 questions

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