MMC 2000 Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture II Three Arms of Film III Box Office Trends III Conglomeration of Film Outline of Current Lecture I Intro to Radio II History of Radio III Advertisement of Radio Current Lecture Another radical change was seen with the invention of the radio It allowed for information to be broadcasted in a more public way Facts to know about radio More then 14 000 station in the United Sates About 77 4 commercial radios on the stations 22 6 non commercial started in 1994 Radio channels between 88 1 91 9 o Plus 859 LPFM stations low power fm stations 3 to 7 miles in radius and give programs to smaller communities o Non marketed stations for religion and children stations Most frequent formats 1 Country 2 News talk 3 Spanish Most popular among 18 24s 1 Rhythmic 2 CHR 3 Urban Most abundant media 99 of house hold have a radio There are more than 2 radios in a house 2 radios for every on person in the US For people older than 12 92 listen to the radio every week 69 on daily basis More Hispanic and Latinos listen to the radio more about 94 5 60 say they get their news from the radio Satellite radio is growing about 20 million listeners KDKA Pittsburgh in 1920 had the first commercial broadcast of radio announced election results 1945 95 of the radio stations were apart of a network There are currently 14 420 broadcast radio stations Radio industry makes about 16 billion in ad s a year History of Radio There is a depute over who first invented radio however Guglilmo Marconi was the first to send a message through airwave and more popular with his success compared to the other contender Nikola Tesla Sponsored by the British government who saw potential in military advancements Marconi was able to send a single as far as two miles by 1896 called the wireless telegraph Three years later Marconi was able to generate a signal across the English Channel and by 1901 all the way across the Atlantic Marconi was able to send encoded message but not voice In 1903 Reginal Fessenden invented the Liquid Barretter which was the first audio device to allow the signal of voices His first broadcast was on Christmas Eve in Brant Rock With the addition of the Audio Tube invented by Lee Deforest Wireless signals were improved and amplified Deforest was also the mind behind public broadcasting radio while everyone else was focus on point to point communication Deforest and Fessenden work together started a patent war between the two but was put on pause for WWI the government took up the patents and improved radio technology for the military History of sound recording before radios 1860 s Maxwell discovers radio waves 1887 Hertz proves Maxwell s theory correct was able to product a radio wave 1884 Morse code a series of dots and dashes that was transmitted through wires the invention of the telegraph Bell invented the telephone was still a wired communication was bound by the distance of the wire Also broadcasted music through telephone wires Now it is believed that Edward Leon Scott de Martinsville was the first to record sound after a ten second recording was found on a device called the phonoautograph 1860 But Thomas Edison invented the Talking machine in 1877 it recorded sound w a crank and a grooved cylinder The biggest problem with this was that it could not be duplicated Edison only saw it as a way to record thoughts You know all his genius ideas Emilie Berliner fixed this problem with the invention of the gramophone and what we now know as Vinyl so now sound could be duplicated 1905 The Columbia Phonograph Company invented the two sided disc 1924 Joseph P Maxwell developed Electromagnetic recording The Radio Business is born Regulation Passed the Wireless Ship Act of 1910 which required all U S ships to carrying more then 50 Passenger to have working wireless radio and operator After the Titanic passed the radio act of 1912 which required all operators to have license from the Secretary of Commerce and Labor Also included the right to give and revoke license and fine operators and assigned frequencies However operators did not like this control and demanded it be reversed which it was but then they ended up asking for it back In the late 1920 s the radio industry asked the government to help with regulation because it was a total mess with people broadcasting on the same channels interrupting other stations on purpose The government formed the Radio Act of 1927 later known as the Communication act of 1934 and this basically formed the FRC and the trustee model The FRC the Federal Radio Commission later known as the Federal Communication Commissions o Who get license in the United states o How far it is allowed to range and when and how long o The public interest conveniences and necessity o Established standards The trustee model was based of the fact of Spectrum Scarcity and the power radio had over people therefore it had to meet public interest convenience and necessity RCA monopoly the group of radio developers brought together by the US government in order to protect the development of radio technology Its consisted of American Marconi General Electric America Telephone Telegraph and Westing house 1921 David Sarnoff was the manger of the RCA who originated the idea of broadcasting radio in a memo called Radio Music Box NBC Red was started as an arm of the FCA and it was a group of stations that decided to share programs national broadcasting stations Advertisement Ads were important because radio is a free broadcast but the advertisement had to keep the station afloat Radio was awesome for advertisement because it 1 Targets local audiences a Cheaper to produce change and adjust then television ads 2 Fragmented 3 Specialized a Format radio which includes playlists that general audiences relate too b Secondary Service when radio double as a second format such as only playing religious content on certain days 4 Personalized 5 Mobile Radio stations would develop programs for brand sponsorship the entire shows how money was made However radio listenership is declining because of hypercommerilization 12 minutes of radio consist of commercials during an hour span The number of people listening to radio is down Time spent listening per day is going down Radio being the essential medium is also going down
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