Page 1 of 14 MMC2000 Proffitt Summer 2011 Exam 2 Study Guide Textbook Chapter 7 Radio Recording and Popular Music Terrestrial Radio Free but have to serve the public interest in diversity competition and localism Satellite Radio Paid for less commercials Early Sound Recording 1860 Edouard Leon Scott recorded folk song on phonoautograph He thought Edison stole his credit for creating phonoautograph 1877 Edison patented talking machine hand cracked grooved cylinder and a needle Only 1 recording could be made N American Phonograph Co obtained licenses t market Marketed machines as dictating devices business office Foil too difficult to manage and only made 1 copy Edison quoted Merely toy w o value Columbia Phonograph Co found phono was more successful as a coin operated entertainment Emille Berliner gramophone used a flat rotating wax covered disc that could easily be copied Zinc Disks copies cheaper but playback quality not as good effort was required to machine playback Gramophone was supposed to be for entertainment and mass production of music discs Development of sophisticated microphone 1st to import recording of Famous Opera stars Victor Talking Machine Co dog ad dog hearing master s voice through machine 1912 Edison started to use Zinc disks Success of Encirio Caruso b c before him nobody knew singers they only got paid once Performers began to receive royalties on sale of everytime their played BMI ASCAP Royalty rights and collection of fees collected by this company for artists Covered songs rerecorded by white artists before it was aired now being played on the radio Major Recording Companies Universal Music Group 35 Sony BGM 28 NY Warner Music 16 EMI Records 9 Recordings changed music industry Sheet music became less important Decreased sheet music popularity decreasing price because publishers moved to recording Songwriters could now write more complicated works and have it performed by pros Recording time set to 3 minutes so singers and composers were limited to 2 choruses Early Radio Nikola Tesla Guillermo Marconi applied for patents of radio within months of eachother Marconi Father of Radio b c he was one of first to send signals through the air 1903 Reginald Fessenden s Liquid barretter 1st audio device permitting reception of wireless voices 1906 Cristmas Eve 1st public broadcast of voices 1906 Lee DeForest s audion tube improved and amplified wireless signals He saw radio as a means of broadcasting unlike Marconi s idea of point to point Page 2 of 14 1920s programming soap operas stories mysteries War of the Worlds confusion people thought the soap opera was real news and panicked Radio rose because of Enthusiasts trained during war Improvements tech advances and reception Money businesses realized opportunity to make money Recording seen as enemy of radio b c seen as giving music away for free stealing audience Feared radio would discourage record sales Radio refused to play jazz ethnic etc and restricted certain music so it gave recording industry opportunity Slum in 1930 s Depression reorganized how people spent Competition for same audiences small record co collapsed Radio thrived during this time The Coming of Broadcasting Alexander Graham Bell s telephone co had subscription music service through phone wires David Sarnoff Radio Music Box Memo which talked about bringing music to the house by wireless Patent fights and Law suits DeForest and Fessenden financially destroyed RCA government sanctioned monopoly of radio Marconi GE AT T and Westinghouse Creation avoided direct gov t control of the new medium Sarnoff commercial manager Frank Conrad garage broadcast became large and 1st station KDKA announcing presidential election results Harding After war People demanded information and news only radio could provide Radio as a political instrument FDR Fireside Chats brought more listeners than entertainment Recording industry and war contributed to Radio s success Networks began competing for ads and audiences By 1938 27 32 million homes had a radio Cooperation between radio and recording Radio promoted records Recording industry helped radio by sending them free music The Coming of Regulation Wireless Ship Act 1910 all ships with 50 passengers must have a working wireless operator Radio Act of 1912 due to Titanic sinking b c ship ppl were leaving radio unattended Strengthened rues regarding shipboard wireless and required operators to be licensed by Secretary of Commerce and Labor Coolidge ordered cessation of gov t regulation on radio Chaos and non listener friendly problems led to Hoover installing regulation once again Radio Act of 1927 still true today Companies could use the channels which were owned by public but couldn t own them Awarding license standard of evaluation public interest convenience or necessity Federal Radio Commission established to administer provisions of the act Trustee Model regulation entrusted broadcasters Spectrum Scarcity b c spectrum space is limited those w licenses must accept regulation Influencing reaches everyone Federal Communications Commission replaced FRC Advertising and the Networks 1st radio advertisement NY s WEAF station 10 minute commercial for Long Isl Apt costing 50 Page 3 of 14 Ads were an hr long sponsorship but Mom n Pops couldn t afford it so they had to cut it down to small spots on radio and they were more profitable for networks National Network radios affiliates and grouping of small stations Larger audiences greater ad revenue allow to hire bigger stars RCA s NBC v CBS v Mutual Fundamental Basis of Broadcasting operations Radio broadcasting was private commercially owned enterprises rather than gov t Gov t regulation was based on public interest Stations were licensed to serve specific localities but nat l networks programmed the most lucrative hrs w largest audiences Entertainment and information were basic broadcasting content Advertising formed the basis of financial support for broadcasting Scope and Nature of Radio Industry AM stations news sports and info FM stations music easier and clearer Edwin Armstrong RCA turned him down went to GE 1st AM Station W2XMN 1939 Non commercial radio Religious children educational programs no commercials Radio is local it costs less to run radio locally than tv so ads were cheaper Radio is fragmented stations were distributed throughout US towns Radio is Specialized specialize stations to fit advertising Format radio size of audience is secondary to composition
View Full Document
Unlocking...