MMC 2000 Exam 4/Final Study GuideChapters 9, 10, 13Chapter 10Date: Technology: Importance:1822/4(1800’s)1st mechanical computer• Charles Babbage: created the first mechanical computer called the difference engine through a grant funded by the British government until 1832 (only successfully built part one)• The later version was called the analytical engine, a steam driven computer (wanted a more accurate machine that could solve any math)• Neither were created in his lifetime• All computers rely on binary logic or code: everything has 2 particular states (on/off), made up of digits 1 and 01822First computer programmer• Ada: Countess of Lovelace and daughter of Lord Byron• Published a description of the “Analytical engine” and a hypothetical way of how the machine will work• Left detailed test for the world to later find1942Colloussus • Code breaker machine made to break the German code “enigma” (showed the “ultra secret” of the Germans)• Developed by the British• The first electronic digital computer• Reduced information to a binary code so it could be stored and manipulated• 25,000 characters per second• Brought on by WWII• Was never revealed to anyone who could be captured by the Germans (this secrecy kept Collossus from being significant in computer history)1945ENIAC: electronic numerical integrator and calculator• The first “full service” electronic computer• First giant computer; could fill an auditorium• Major asset to the military due to its ability to calculate quickly for missile trajectory • Created by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly• Based on the work of Iowa state’s John V. Atanasoff• Made in response to Pearl Harbor• 100 ft. long, 30 tons, 6000 switches, 500 miles of electrical wire and 17500 vacuum tubes1951UNIVAC: universal automatic computer business and politics • Computer made for the Census Bureau• First successful commercial computer even the average person can interact with it• Programmed to make electoral political predictions• Established faith in computers due to its extraordinary prediction of the 1952 presidential race between Stevenson and Eisenhower1958ARPA: advanced research projects agency• 2 versions of who invented it- Department of defense (most people agree on this one)- McLuhan and Licklider• Can still communicate even if connections are cut • The first network; established networking• Created to sponsor and coordinate sophisticated defense-related research1969ARPAnet• Beginning of the internet• Connects 4 major universities through 4 major computers 1972Email • Created by Ray Tomlin• Command driven• Had to write up codes and commands for each function that goes along with sending emails1973Protocols, such as FTP, or TCP/IP &packets • Tiny pieces that make up an email, called packets (most important), they enable the internet process; break up files into packets, broken up into pieces, and sent individually then re-pieced when received • Similar to bit torrents or streaming• Common communication rules and language• Made the internet fast19741st use of the term “internet”• Coined by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn 1979Usenet • Modern social discussion board• Created by Steve Bellovin • Used for scientific and military purposes at first but then was used for social reasons• Until programmer created “.alt” (Dot Alt) used for the posting of social messages• Reason that the social use of internet was born• Keyword: Socially used1984Apple releases the Macintosh graphical user interface (GUI)• Steve Jobs and Stephan Wozniak • Before the GUI, everything was based on code; people who didn’t understand couldn’t work with the technology• GUI created user-friendly options like folders, desktops, icons, etc.• People who weren’t aware of computer programming were now able to operate or use computers1986Internet Relay Chat (IRC)• Allows people to talk in real time• Synchronized; no time delay1991Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)• Created by Tim Berners• Allowed for visual interface for the internet• This is the WEB (visual: you see what you navigate through)• The internet and the web are not the same• The web runs he internet1993Mosaic • 1st web browser• Free (shareware)• Named “firefox”: organizes info on the web so it can be utilized by any person• Created by students as a class projectAdditional terms:• Binary code- gives technology 2 options; on/off; information transformed into a series of 1’s and 0’1 for storage and manipulation in computers• Analog- does not operate on binary logic but rather signals and their intensity is what gives information. The modem is needed to translate from analog to digital• Digital- relating to or using signals or information represented by discrete values (digits) of a physical quantity o Relies on binary logic and codeo A computer code of dots and spaces Ex: . . . . . . . . . . . . Dots=1, spaces=0• Hosts- specific type of server that contains info available to Internet users. Has the capability to connect server and internet o Ex: www.fsu.edu Fsu is the hosts name• URL (uniform research locator)- the designation of each file or directory on the host computer connected to the Internet. The same for all because it’s a standard people have agreed ono Ex: www.fsu.edu (the whole thing)• Domain- type of environment you’re in (.edu, .com, etc.)• Crawler- a program that searches the web, typically in order, to create an index of data• Worm- worse than a virus. Is a malware computer program language or script written by someone that replicates itself in order to spread to other computerso Can be transferred through email that’s infected with a worm (found in the coding)o Slows down the internet and can destroy a network• Virus- has great variety. Can make documents unreadable. Only spread through human interface (you would have to attach it to something in order for someone else to get it) Some aren’t that harmfulo Ex: ambulance truck driving across Professor Bunz’s desktop screen What is a Cookie?• A file sent to web browser to keep track of user infoo What sites you visit, passwords, etc.o Normally only the site that has sent the cookie can read it• They are used to gather info to remember a user to customize and enhance their experienceo Ex: When you begin to type your username a dropdown box creates the option to fill in all
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