MMC2000 Final ExamChapters 8-15Chapter 8: Television, Cable, and Mobile VideoIn 1884 Paul Nipkow developed the first device generating electrical signals transmitting a scene Phils Farmsworth and Vladimir Zworykin pioneered the development of early televisionBy 1959 there were 559 stations and 90% of the U.S. households had televisionsTimeline:1884: Nipkow invents his disc1923: Zworykin demonstrates electronic iconoscope tube 1927: Farnsworth demonstrates electronically scanned television images1928: Baird transmits mechanical video image across Atlantic1939: Sarnoff introduces regular television broadcasting at Worldʼs Fair1941: First 2 commercial stations approved 1948: Television freeze; Walson begins CATV1950: Red Channels; Nielsen ratings 1951: U.S. wired coast to coast: I Love Lucy1954: Army McCarthy Hearings telecast1959: Quiz show scandal1962: All-channel legislation1963: FCC begins regulation of cable1975: HBO begins national distribution 1976: VCR introduced __________________________________________________1996: DVD introduced; Telecommunications Act 1998: first digital T.V. broadcast1999: DVR Introduced __________________________________________________2002: FCC mandates digital receivers by 2007 2004: cable content and pricing face government scrutiny 2005: Networks begin selling program downloads; and Brand X decision2007: Afterworld2009: All TV stations are digital 2010: Comcast vs. FCC; Hulu premieres first original show; Mobile digital TelevisionTelevison programs included:- variety shows- situation comedies- dramas- soap operas- quiz shows- feature films- talk shows- television news and broadcastsThe quiz show scandal changed the networks from single advertiser-sponsored programs to spot sales made to sponsors - I Love Lucy- McCarthyism and his “Red Scare”- Edward R. Murrow The Nielson Ratings were carried over from radio to record data about TV watching habits - Total Audience Measurement Index (TAMi)- Sweeps period- Share and C3 rating The Coming of Cable" - In 1948 appliance salesman John Walson began wiring tv sets to a tower (as a" way to increase sales of his TVs) - In june of the same year Walson had 727 subscribers for his communityantenna television (CATV)Master antenna television (MATV)Importation of distant signals: Ratings and Shares can be computed using these formulas: Ratings= households tuned in to given program ÷ all households with television"Shares= households tuned into a given program ÷ all households tuned into tv at that timeThe Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 united the educational channels into the Public Broadcasting Services (PBS)There are 114.9 million television households in the U.SThe annual billings for television are around $70 billionThe average 30-second prime-time network television spot costs $100,00079% of American consumers see television as the most influential ad medium Scope and Nature of Broadcast Television IndustryAffiliates sell viewers to advertisersABC, NBC, and CBS each have over 200 affiliates Local affiliates clear time in exchange for direct payments (compensation) for airing a program Networks and Program ContentNetworks control what appears on network ad non-network TV (off network programs)Networks influence what appears on independent stations and cable channelsHow a program gets on the airapproximately 100 trial programs or pilots are filmed out of 4,000 proposals for new TV seriesApproximately 12 (1 in 10) will have a full broadcast seasonNetworks prefer producers with organizational and financial stability Producers assume production costs and later make large amounts of profit in syndicationThe price of a syndicated program depends on the market size, the competition and the age and popularity of the program Producers keep 100% of the income of programming produced for syndicationSatellites have improved the distribution process of syndicated programs. They are inexpensive to distribute First-run syndication: original prgramming produced specifically for the syndicated television marketCable and Satellite Television(1975) HBO began distributing movies by satellite as “premium cable”Premium cable eroded broadcaster profitsFiber optic and public enthusiasm brought the medium to maturity Basic Cable ProgrammingThe Cable Television Consumer Protection Act of 1992 required operators to offer basic and expanded cableMultiple Systems Operators (MSOs) own several cable franchises Premium Cable-- The FCC made it possible for MSOs to host other satellite pay networks such as HBO, Showtime and CinemaxTrends and Convergence in Television and Cable VCR- introduced commercially in 1976- Time-shifiting: taping a show for later viewing - zipping: fast forward past commercial breaks during playback DVDs are the fastest growing consumer electronic product of all time DVR- Digital Video RecorderTo use replay TV or Tivo viewers must buy a special reciever requiring a monthly chargeDigitization of video signals reduces their sizeMultiplexing, carrying two or more signals over the same channel" - Made possible by digital compression! ! - squeezes signals to permit multiple signals to be carried over one" " channel" " - works by removing redundant info from the transmission of the signal Can be a hindrance to increased offerings by broadcasters as only transmitting high-definition images (as technologically required) may lead to loss of audience share to cable, Internet and DBSVideo on the internet - 20% of internet users watch online video- It attracts 142 million unique viewers per month - Most content originated on network and cable TV; but much is also Web-only video Interactive Television- Digital cable television - delivery of digital images and other info to subscribers that offers the truest form of interaction- In 2009 there were 42 million digital cable subscribers- 38.8 million cable modem users connect to the NetPhone-Over-Cable- Currently, there are 18.7 million phone-over-cable subscrbers- allows for bundling of services- delivering television, VOD, audio, high-speed internet access, long-distance and local phone service, multiple phone lines, and fax via cable- May prove profitable for MSOs Mobile Video- TV via mobile devices, such as phones or portable video players- Cell phone video producers create short mobisodes - brief video episodes of tv programs created specifically for mobile screens- Mobile video takes on other forms as wellDeveloping Media Literacy SkillsRecognizing Staged News-News
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