Kin lecture 11 20 Many products available to control body fat o Low energy alternatives Block absorption Most dietary supplements sold to burn fat o Thermogenesis increase energy expenditure What do these products have in common o 2 things Caffeine Something else Caffeine is a stimulant o Increase heart rate o Increase blood pressure o Especially in people who have high body temperature Fat burning supplements o Ephedra o Pseudoephedrine o Amphetamine H H CH3 o Ephedrine OH CH3 CH3 fight or flight response due to the hormone epinephrine adrenaline o Sudden epinephrine o Binding to receptors causes higher heart rate and higher blood pressure o Breakdown of triglycerides fatty acids o Breakdown of glycogen glucose Effects of epinephrine lasts for minutes o Vs ephedrine Ephedrine lasts for hours Ex diet drugs non drowsy medication herbal ecstasy Ma Huang powdered extract o Natural ephedra contains mix of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine Performance o Marketed to increase energy burn fat control weight performance benefit o Ma Huang or ephedra alone little effect on athletic performance o Ephedra caffeine did increase cycling time to exhaustion Doses o Products contain 150 350 milligrams ephedra 2 3 doses day o Most also contain 100 400 mg of caffeine sometimes as guarana Investigation of Ephedrine use o From 1993 1999 FDA collected 1400 reports of adverse events of people getting hospitalized o 80 fatal o However the industry claimed association does not prove causality o The US government said FDA needed better evidence before being able to ban ephedrine find stronger evidence on the relationship between intake of dietary supplements and ephedrine o Hired two people to investigate o Found out of those cases 31 definitely or probably related 31 possibly related 17 unrelated 21 not possible to judge o Common theme in most serious events was combination of ephedra caffeine exercise Especially in the fatal cases o Elevated blood pressure In 2000 3 NCAA football players died under circumstances suggesting link with ephedra o Pitcher Steve Bechler in spring training 2000 o Call for a ban on ephedra containing products o Ephedra banned in minor leagues and not major leagues December 30 2003 o FDA issues consumer alert o Plans to prohibit sale of products containing ephedra urging consumers to STOP buying o But instead everyone stocked up before ban went in place April 12 2004 o Sale of ephedra was banned April 12 2005 exactly one year later o Ban was challenged o US federal Court overturns ban on ephedra o Then it was overturned again May 14 2007 o Went to US supreme court o Decided not to hear the appeal o Therefore substances containing ephedrine is still banned in the US So what happens o People basically took the same compounds or added compounds or replaced them with other compounds and just renamed them o Sold as improved versions o Most of these get banned after a couple years and then they just reformulate again and again Adderall o Its really popular o 25 are using ADD ADHD meds o 70 of them didn t have prescription
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