Oxalidales Diversity and Evolution of Rosids small heterogeneous novel group of 6 families seed character Oxalidaceae Wood sorrels violets willows and spurges Cephalotaceae Australian pitcher plant Oxalidaceae wood sorrels 6 genera 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas 700 belong to Oxalis wood sorrel plants are herbaceous creepers or woody vines Oxalidaceae wood sorrels 6 genera 770 species in the tropics and temperate areas 700 belong to Oxalis wood sorrel Oxalis corniculata creeping yellow wood sorrel typically 3 foliate leaves the real shamrock leaves are acidic to taste due to oxalic acid in the form of calcium oxalate Oxalidaceae wood sorrels CA 5 CO 5 A 5 5 G 5 Oxalis corniculata Oxalis 5 merous flowers fruits are 5 locular winged capsules or berries Oxalidaceae wood sorrels CA 5 CO 5 A 5 5 G 5 Oxalis corniculata Oxalis 5 merous flowers fruits are 5 locular winged capsules or berries tristyly common 3 levels at which 2 sets of anthers and 1 set of styles position U UU Oxalidaceae wood sorrels common native and introduced wood sorrels Oxalidaceae wood sorrels tropical fruit carambola or star fruit note 5 carpellate structure Oxalis violaceae violet wood sorrel Oxalis stricta tall wood sorrel Averrhoa carambola Oxalis acetosella wood sorrel Malpighiales Malpighiales large and diverse group of 38 families many of them contributing importantly to tropical forest diversity Malpighiales Violaceae violets unusual life forms Rafflesiaceae Rafflesia parasite stream aquatic Podostemonaceae Podostemon unresolved novel clade leaf margin teeth Parietales subclade placentation hosts for Cymothoe butterflies 23 genera 800 species of herbs temperate to vines and small trees tropics 400 600 of them are violets Viola Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mangle mangrove Viola tricolor pansy jonny jump up Rinorea tropical shrub Violaceae violets Violaceae violets Viola have either basal leaves or cauline leaves cordate or palmately lobed or divided CA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G 3 Flowers insect pollinated nectar guides zygomorphic Stipules are well developed Perianth 5 merous Lower petal spurred 2 lower stamens have spurs going back into the petal spur 3 fused carpels Violaceae violets Violaceae violets CA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G 3 Pistil forms 3 parting capsule in chasmogamous flowers open flowers from out crossing Cleistogamous or closed flowers form small capsules via self pollination note the parietal placentation in upper capsule Viola affinis sand violet V pedata Bird s foot violet V pedatifida Prairie violet Violaceae violets Violaceae violets V sororia dooryard violet Wisconsin state flower One of many stemless purple violets V macloskeyi Wild white violet A small white flowered violet V pubescens downy yellow violet a stemmed yellow violet Violaceae violets V canadensis Canada white violet a stemmed white violet Violaceae violets tropical taxa of other genera and Viola are woody from where did the 10 species in Hawaii come Hybanthus concolor green violet Special concern almost extripated Violaceae violets DNA places them within a polyploid complex amphiBeringian tundra species V langsdorffi Hypericaceae St John s wort 9 genera 560 species of temperate herbs or small shrubs Violaceae violets Beringian source is rare especially surprising with a group once considered tropical bird migration pathway from Beringia to Hawaii is common and potential mechanism of dispersal Hypericaceae St John s wort CA 5 CO 5 A G 3 5 Stamens many often grouped opposite leaved leaves are punctate with clearly visible clear to black dots these sometimes seen on petals as well Hypericum perforatum Klamath weed ecologically invasive Note the perforations along edge of yellow petals Hypericaceae St John s wort Hypericaceae St John s wort CA 5 CO 5 A G 3 5 pistil made up of 3 to 5 fused carpels CA 5 CO 5 A G 3 5 pistil made up of 3 to 5 fused carpels placentation either axile then 3 5 locuoles or parietal as here placentation either axile then 3 5 locuoles or parietal fruit a capsule Hypericum pyrimidatum great St John s wort Hypericum pyrimidatum great St John s wort Hypericaceae St John s wort Hypericum common in high elevation regions of tropics Salicaceae willows poplars Chemically defined by salicins salicylic acid Many members of the tropical Flacourtiaceae with showy flowers also have salicins and are now part of the Salicaceae Hypericum in Costa Rican paramo Triadenum restricted to wetlands Triadenum virginicum marsh St John s wort Dovyalis hebecarpa Oncoba spinosa Salicaceae willows poplars 55 genera 1000 species of shrubs trees 450 are willows Salix less numerous are poplars aspens Populus Salicaceae willows poplars Willows Salix are dioecious trees of temperate regions with reduced flowers in aments both insect and wind pollinated female Populus deltoides American cottonwood Salix babylonica weeping willow Salicaceae willows poplars female male male Salix babylonica weeping willow Salicaceae willows poplars nectar glands at base of bract allows insect as well as wind pollination fruit is a capsule with cottony seeds for wind dispersal many species are precocious flower before leaves flush in spring Salix discolor pussy willow Salicaceae willows poplars species vary from large trees shrubs to tiny tundra subshrubs Salicaceae willows poplars Populus poplars cottonwood aspens male flowers possess a disk cottony seeds in capsule female Salix herbacea dwarf willow Salix pedicellaris bog willow Salix fragilis crack willow Salicaceae willows poplars Populus deltoides American cottonwood Salicaceae willows poplars Populus balsamifera Balsam poplar balm of gilead P tremuloides trrembling aspen P grandidentata bigtooth aspen aspens are clonal from root sprouts fast growing light wooded and important for pulp in the paper industry Populus alba White poplar Introduced from Europe Salicaceae willows poplars Euphorbiaceae spurges Euphorbiaceae s l is polyphyletic and now broken into 3 families Phyllanthaceae Euphorbiaceae Putranjivaceae Populus deltoides American cottonwood Euphorbiaceae spurges Euphorbiaceae spurges large cosmopolitan family of trees shrubs and herbs of 222 genera and 6000 species latex bearing and filled with nasty chemicals source of rubber castor oil tapioca poinsettia leaves alternate simple often palmately lobed or palmately compound Ricinus castor oil bean CA 5 CO 0 A G 0 CA 5 CO 0 A 0 G 3 Majority of the family has unisexual flowers 5 sepals no petals numerous stamens 3 fused carpels and capsules female male