The Collision of Cultures in the 16th Century Approaches to American History Nationalist Historians Conquest Model Examples George Bancroft Alfred Kroeber Samuel Eliot Morrison The Indian Voice Holocaust Model Revisionist Historians Encounters Model American Settlement Traditional Theory 12 15k years ago nomads crossed the Bering Strait land bridge Recent discoveries suggest settlement occurred much earlier Earliest arrivals known as the Clovis peoples 1929 Evidence of this earliest indigenous group discovered by Ridgely Whiteman Over next few decades 80 large Paleo Indian sites discovered in U S Mexico and Canada Global warming created diverse new environments By 5000 B C natives in Mexico grew The Three Sisters corn beans squash North American Natives Native settlements 1500 B C 1st farming towns appeared in Mexico Towns fostered community culture The Mayans Came from ancient Yucatan city of Mayapan AD 250 900 classic Mayan era with 40 cities By 900 AD Mayan civilization collapsed Incan Empire Emerged in 12th century 12m people 20 languages Stretched 2500 miles along Andes western part of South America Had strong militaristic leaders Disease Spanish invaders led to its demise Mexica Aztecs Emerged around 1248 AD Dominant force in central Mexico Tenochtitlan its capital was the largest city in the western hemisphere On eve of Spanish arrival Aztec Empire had 371 cities and 38 provinces North American Civilizations In Southwest Anasazi Ancient Ones Northwest Pacific coast region densely populated hierarchical Plains Arapaho Blackfeet Cheyenne Comanche Crow Apache Sioux nomadic Adena Hopewell Culture Dominated Mid West 800BC AD 600 Engaged in elaborate burial rituals By 800 AD Mississippian Culture dominant Engaged in mound building corn growing Cahokia became its largest settlement 15k population 120 mounds Eastern Woodlands Peoples Algonquian Iroquoian Muskogean October 1347 Black Death arrived in Europe Within 5 years 20m killed 1 3 population Europe The Black Death All the citizens did little else except to carry dead bodies to be buried A Florentine chronicler wrote At every church they dug deep pits down to the water table and thus those who were poor who died during the night were bundled up quickly and thrown into the pit In the morning when a large number of bodies were found in the pit they took some earth and shovelled it down on top of them and later others were placed on top of them and then another layer of earth just as one makes lasagna with layers of pasta and cheese A doctor s perspective of the Black Death https www history com topics middle ages coroners report plague video Economic Change People no longer tied to rigid social systems Stronger central governments nation states Renaissance This Rebirth was an intellectual revolution Rekindling of interest in learning literature art and culture Began in the independent republic of Florence Italy 3rd largest city in Europe Wealthy intellectuals travelled to study ancient Greek Roman texts ruins People encouraged to be curious question traditional thinking Primary focus laws of nature physical world Leonardo da Vinci Galileo engaged in scientific study Johannes Gutenberg s mechanical printing press a crucial part of renaissance Humanism https www youtube com watch v 2J0 ZbbrD6U Age of Exploration Portugal s use of caravels gave them the lead in ocean travel King Ferdinand Queen Isabella of Spain were ardent Christian expansionists Christopher Columbus Born in Genoa 1451 Studied math astronomy cartography and navigation while in Lisbon Believed a route existed across the Atlantic to Asia Spanish monarchy supported his efforts Columbus sets sail First set sail in August 1492 reached Bahamas by October Referred to the island people as Indios Returned to Spain with 12 Indian and stories of treasure Took three more trips 1493 1498 1502 Insisted he had reached Asia on each trip Pope Alexander VI divided the New World Africa between Spain and Portugal Amerigo Vespucci reached Brazil in 1499 declaring discovery of a new continent Treaty of Tordesillas https www youtube com watch v ZSuznTcWcP4 Reformation 1517 Augustinian monk Martin Luther published his 95 Theses through belief Argued salvation could not be bought but only Encouraged individual reading of Bible By 1521 his views inspired demands for political reform Impact Reformation spread to neighboring countries In Switzerland John Calvin preached predestination Roman Catholic church sought to improve its image via Council of Trent 1545 63 Treaty Of Augsburg 1555 settled religious strife in Holy Roman Empire Spanish Empire Spain s Siglo de Oro in 16th and 17th centuries First colonies were on island of Hispaniola 1508 Juan Ponce De Leon conquered Puerto Rico 1511 14 Diego Velazquez conquered Cuba First continental settlement was Darien in Panama Conflict with Natives Tribal disunity disease assisted Spanish conquest Historians estimate 95 of native population succumbed to disease chiefly from smallpox Spanish technological superiority important Hernan Cortes Feb 18th 1519 he set sail to Mexico from Cuba established a settlement at Veracruz Mexica leader Montezuma welcomed Cortes into his capital of Tenochtitlan Spring 1520 huge battle erupted between Cortes men and the Mexica By 1523 the centuries old Empire of the Mexica in ruins Spanish impact 1531 Francisco Pizarro subdued the Incan Empire Spanish legal system encomienda used to control native communities By 17th century New Spain population fell from 50m to 4m Columbian Exchange Transfer of biological and social elements from Old World to New World Tobacco potatoes turkeys came to Europe Europeans brought wheat measles and horses Spanish Empire Centered in Mexico 1565 established outpost at St Augustine on Florida s coast Established settlements in N M TX California 1608 N M declared a royal province 1680 Pueblo Revolt by natives hurt Spanish missionary activity in NM French Dutch exploration 1523 French King Francis I instructed Giovanni de Verrazano to explore from Newfoundland to Florida to find route to Pacific Ocean 1534 1st French attempt at colonization with Jacques Cartier https www youtube com watch v xeEsNH3w604 The Enterprise of England Spanish Armada had 132 warships 8k sailors 18k soldiers and 2500 guns Smaller English ships broke Spanish naval formation Spanish losses included half of their ships and 15k men 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert landed in Newfoundland 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh established a