The Indians Old World Creation Stories Brittainy Tomlin Beringian Beginnings Handed down from the Hoopa people reside in what is now Believe that they as a people emerged out of the surrounding California landscape creation stories all stress the organic relationship between the natives and their surroundings signifies the national organic relationship between the people and the land ideological conflict between themselves and the Europeans that arrived difference in creation stories European Christians believed in the Creation story found in Genesis 1 28 Native Americans believed they were just another animal among the land while the Europeans believed they were the most important supported by historical and archaeological facts still rejected by many Native Americans migration across Beringia the Bering Sea land bridge ca 15 000 BC Paleo Indian era tracked mammoths large animals for hunting purposes by about 10 000 BC there was record of human habitation in the North American continent consisted of hunter gathers by about 8 000 BC human activity has led to widespread extinction of large animals Archaic Intian era sedentary non nomadic lifestyle sophisticated agricultural practice large scale irrigation terracing plant breeding clay making pottery technology Three sisters corn beans and squash produced human beings that were on average a foot taller than Europeans Social Consequences o development of a gendered division of labor women were primarily responsible for growing crops Europeans used things like this as reasoning to inhabit America wanted to civilize them NA men responsible for hunting diplomacy warfare o NA linguistic groups ca 1492 as evidence of cultural differentiation the word Indian implies unity existed but no unity actually existed very misleading Mississippian Mound Builders inhabited central northern America congregated along the banks of the Mississippi river b c of water supply temperate climate emerged around 900 A D noted for their tendency to build large mounds up and down the Mississippi river most likely ceremonial centers similar to a gothic cathedral in Europe Mississippi mounds ruled by a higher class of elites who derived their power largely from the control of the ceremonies that bound the communities together extracted labor tribute Cahokia center of Mississippian civilization a few miles away from St Louis one of the largest cities in the world at the time walls were found burned to the ground proving that it was under external attack environmental exhaustion Europeans found abundant evidence of Cahokia s existence Europeans only justification for colonization was to label the NA a savage people The Old World of England Brittainy Tomlin Forging an Atlantic World or New Worlds for all by 1453 the Ottoman Empire of the Near and Middle East had locked overland trade routes between Europe and Asia forcing Europeans to search for an alternate route to the wealth of China and the East Indies Chinese trade route was extremely important to the European economy Constantinople falls to the Ottomans in 1453 Christopher Columbus believed the world to be a much smaller circumference and calculated math poorly Last Crusade last Christian assault on Ottoman empire Norse Vikings had been traveling back and forth to North America Columbus published his account of his voyages before any one else prior to Columbus departure published anything Columbian exchange exchange of plants animals people technology diseases ideas ect o consequences of the Columbian exchange introduction of diseases into North America that had never been known there previously smallpox tuberculosis influenza took a devastating toll on the populations in the Americas o huge devastation mortality rate was 90 o this devastation saved Europeans 300 years Changes in the Land 16th century Europe England as a relatively powerless and peripheral kingdom the Americas English monarchy didn t have the resources to create colonies in o took private ventures to get the colonies off the ground Walls fences and hedgerows began to appear throughout the 1500s England during the Enclosure Movement Aristocratic landlords used them to enclose or privatize lands preciously held in common by peasant tenants Hundreds of thousands were evicted causing disarray disorder and mass poverty o privatization of land that had previously been held in common o this land was transformed into animal stock land o thousands of poor starving victims are evicted from their land price inflation more and more population growth means more food demanded but food prices increase b c of the lack of resources everyone started to create wool cotton at the same time which led to a drop in prices overproduction created crime led to the crisis of the strolling poor sturdy beggars overrun England infiltrate cities and villages Turning Back the Clock Utopian Schemes on the North American Scene Thomas Moore presents the idea of creating the New World in the Americas where poverty is less prevalent deeply religious man trying to imagine a Christian based solution to the problem of modernization Collision of Empires Tsenacommacah and Virginia 11 12 2015 Protestant Reformation violence of the protestant reformation protestants complain that Catholic church was a corrupt institution while Catholics accuse Protestants of heresy and rebellion against the Pope s divine authority neither acknowledge the validity of the other Protestants saw the Catholic church as corrupt b c the ability to talk straight to God was hindered must talk through Pope backbone for the early desire to colonize in the Americas king Henry 8 of England who initiated England s protestant reformation 1529 1536 by demanding a divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon and issuing the act of supremacy 1534 which dissolved catholic authority in England and made the king the supreme head of a newly est protestant church of England only acceptable form of religious practice in England Henry takes the catholic church s land and re distributes the land to close friends to secure allegiance for political allies Thomas More caught up in violence of Reformation deep catholic convictions In 1588 English defeat the Spanish Armada Spain wanted to restore Catholic authority English crush the Spanish Armada storm scatters Armada firmly cements in the English mind that Protestantism is the central component in what it means to be an English person in the Atlantic world English colonization in