PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Primate Taxonomic Disagreementsor ChangesNot everyone agrees with each other on primate taxonomy!We will follow the version the old version based on morphology. The signage at the zoo disagrees.Classification is modified based on new DNA andother evidence, and scientists disagree on howclosely apes are related to humans.Here is the classic version we present in classand that we will follow(Feder & Park 2001:111)Another version differs just at the Familyand lower levelsour version Hominoidea (hominoids: apes & humans)Hylobatidae Hominidae (hominids)gibbons great apessiamangs humansanother versionSubfamilyPonginae orangutanGorillinae gorillaHomininae chimpanzee, bonobo (tribe: Panini) human (tribe: Hominini)So according to this newer version basedon DNA evidence,“hominid” includes who?Humans, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan(humans and great apes)Under this newer taxonomy, the groupingfor past and present humans alone is called what?homininSome (for example, Riverbanks Zoo)categorize differently beginning at theSuborder level Primates OrderStrepsirhini Haplorhini Suborder(moist nose) (dry nose)Lemuriformes Tarsiformes Platyrrhini Catarrhini Infraorder Lemur, loris, tarsier New World Old Worldaye aye, galagos monkeys monkeys, apes, humansetc.As taught in this class:hominoid includes hominid includesapes and humans;past and present humans.Which of the following are characteristics of PRIMATES as opposed to other mammals?reproductive strategy of few, usually live births; extensive postnatal caregrasping, pentadactyl hands and feetemphasis on sight over smellhigh intelligence & great capacity for learned behaviorexpanded and more complex braintactile pads and nailsdifferentiated teethskeletal structure capable of swift movementability to maintain constant body temperatureAlso primate characteristics:Generalized skeleton with retention of clavicle(collarbone)Behavioral characteristics:SocialityParental investmentDo prosimians also have the characteristicswe associate with primates?NO. They differ in the following:Usually dog-sized or smallerMost:- are nocturnal (active at night)- have a protruding snout- naked, moist nose (like a dog’s)- have grooming claws- have no color or stereoscopic vision- bear 2-3 young at birth- have a long tail- have prehensile hands/feet, but not fully opposable thumbsWhich is more closely related tohumans:monkeys or apes?Or are monkeys and apes the same thing?Apes are not monkeys.Apes are more closely related to humans.Which is more closely related to humans:lesser apes or great apes?Great apesWhich is more closely related toapes and humans:New World monkeys orOld World monkeys?Old World monkeysWhat do we mean by “more closely related”?Share a more recent common ancestorWhat is a hominoid versus what is a hominid?The longer word refers to the bigger grouping: hominoid: apes and humansThe smaller word refers to the smaller grouping: humans – past and present humansNote one word (hominoid) is longerOne word (hominid) is shorterHominoidea (a superfamily)Also known as hominoids Includes theLesser apes: Great apes: HumansGibbons Gorilla HumansSiamangs Chimpanzee Bonobo OrangutanIn other words, “hominoid” refers toapes and humansList the types of primate locomotion:BipedalismKnuckle-walkingQuadrupedalism (terrestrial, arboreal)BrachiationVertical clinging and leapingList the lesser apes:gibbons, siamangsList the great apes:orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, bonoboWhat is a set of numbers such as 2.1.2.3 ? 2.1.2.3A dental formula2 incisors1 canine2 premolars3 molarsThis is the dental formula for humansWho possesses a Y5 cusp patternon their molars?Primates, and specificallyhominoidsTRUE/FALSESome apes have prehensile tailsFALSEOnly some of the New World monkeys have prehensile tails (tails that can grasp)APES and humans are theonly primates without tails!TRUE/FALSEAll prosimians have prehensile tailsFALSENONE of the prosimians have a prehensiletail. Who does?some (not all) of the New World monkeysWHERE are New World monkeys?New World = the AmericasWhat is TAXONOMY?A hierarchical classification based onsimilarities and differences . . . .for example, our system of scientificnomenclature follows taxonomic rulesDEFINE:pentadactylFive (penta) digits (dactyl)prehensile Grasping, or ability to grasptactile padFinger tip (where your fingerprints are)deciduous teeth initial, impermanent baby teeththat fall out at set timespostcranial below the head: the body andlimbsDEFINE:primitiveevolved earliestarborealliving in treessexual dimorphism physical differences betweenadult males and femalesof the same
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