PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Review of early hominidsand geological epochssolely human lineage???ape AND human lineage???what genus is this???ArdipithecusEpoch65 mya55 mya36 mya24 mya1.7 mya(http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cenozoic/cenozoic.html;22 Feb 2005)5 myaGeologic Time Scalearchaic primates (disputed)(Plesiadapiforms)Undisputed primates:prosimians earliest, then anthropoidsAnthropoids proliferate:Platyrrhine/Catarrhine splitLate Eocene: CatopithecusLate: first hominids/fossil gapEarly: Cercopithecoid/Hominoid splitMiocene, 23-5 myaTerminal Miocene Event (climate change:more savannah in east Africa, less forest)Sahelanthropus, 7-6 myaFound where?central AfricaRepresents what sort of primate?either a hominoid or early hominid(both human AND ape lineage, orsolely human lineage)(http://www.talkorigins.org/)Miocene into Pliocene(23-5) (5.0-1.7) mya5.8-4.4 mya in eastern AfricaArdipithecus ramidusWas Ardipithecus:bipedal?yesentirely terrestrial?no – how can you tell?big-brained?noa hominid? yesPliocene 5.0-1.7 myaWhat genus of hominid follows after Ardipithecus?Australopithecus 4.2-1.8 myawhich species is earliest?A. anamensis 4.2-3.8 mya, east Africawhat species occurred next?A. afarensis 3.9-3.0 mya, east Africawhat is the name of one famous A. afarensis fossil?LucyPliocene 5.0-1.7 myaWhat are the last species of Australopithecus,and where are they found?Aus. africanus both east and south Africa3.0-2.3 mya example: Taung child (Raymond Dart)Aus. sediba south Africa1.95-1.8 myaIs Australopithecus thought to be in our lineage?yesSo all australopithecines lived during what geological epoch?the Pliocene, whichwent from when towhen?5 mya1.7 myaAt the end of the Pliocene, between 3.0-1.7 myawe find what species of hominid?Australopithecus africanus (gracile) (3.0-2.3 mya)Australopithecus sediba (gracile) (1.95-1.8 mya)Paranthropus boisei (robust) (2.2-1.0 mya)Paranthropus robustus (robust) (2.5-1.5 mya)Homo habilis (2.5-1.6 mya)Pliocene – Pleistocene5.0-1.7 mya –-- 1.7 mya – 10,000 yaDuring this period we see gracile and robust“australopithecines”What are we calling the robust australopithecines?ParanthropusAre they hominid? yesare they in our lineage?no – they went extinctwhat was their diet? vegetarian – very tough stuff,so strong jaws and teethThe “gracile australopithecines” (what we arecalling Australopithecus) existed only duringthe Pliocene, in east and south AfricaBut at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary,we find at least FIVE co-existing hominids,one in our lineage and the others who wentextinct. . . . . . . . who are they?Paranthropus boiseiHomo habilis2.52.0 1.5Paranthropus robustus1.0Pliocene PleistoceneAustralopithecus sedibaHomo erectusHow is Homo different from Paranthropus?locomotionboth bipedalbrain sizeHomo larger, Paranthropus ape-sizediet Homo omnivore, Paranthropus vegetariancranialcharacteristicstied to dietParanthropus has sagittal crest,huge mandibles & muscles,very large molars;Homo no sagittal crest,mandibles & molars smallerblood drainagefrom brainHomo two, Paranthropus oneWhat sets Homo apart from Australopithecus?The major difference is the first significant increase inBRAIN SIZE(SmithsonianInstitution)A. afarensisHomo habilisHomo first appears 2.5 myain east and south AfricaWhat led us to put this early hominid into our genus?Two related items:1. Substantially larger brain, 20-50% larger2. First use of stone toolsHow does early Homo compare to Australopithecus?Compared to Australopithecus:1. Larger cranial capacity (beginning of trend)2. Less postorbital constriction3. More rounded cranium, no sagittal crest4. Zygomatic arch smaller, less massive jaw5. Smaller, slightly less prognathic face6. Parabolic dental arch (Australopithcus had U-shaped arch)Cranial characteristics:Back teeth still large compared to us, but smaller thanearlier hominids: the beginning of a general trend inhumans toward smaller teethWhat is the Pleistocene?a geological epoch known as the Ice Age,1.7 mya – 10,000 yaList, from oldest to most recent, the geologicalepochs in the Tertiary period:Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocenenotice how all the words end in “cene”During the Pleistocene, were sea shores in thesame location they are today?no – sea levels were lower, continents were larger!Friday Oct. 25th – next film:Flintknappingbring your movie question sheet to classwith youSTAPLE your pages together BEFOREyou come to
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