Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Miocene, 24-5 myaOK, here it is -- the epoch of greatest interest in early primate evolutionMajor continental locations approx. same as today,except North and South AmericaMiocene hominoid fossil localities(Turnbaugh et al. 2002:191)Epoch65 mya55 mya36 mya24 mya1.7 mya(http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cenozoic/cenozoic.html;22 Feb 2005)5 myaGeologic Time Scalearchaic primates (disputed)(Plesiadapiforms)Late Eocene: anthropoidsUndisputed primatesAnthropoids proliferate:Platyrrhine/Catarrhine splitFirst hominoids, 30+ typesEarly Miocene (24-16 mya) warm and wetProconsul was abundant in Africa, 3 speciesProbably last ancestor to both Old Worldmonkeys and apes/humans (the Catarrhines)Has teeth like ape, but body like monkey.At this time see the first hominoids(ancestors to apes and humans)They had the Y-5 cusp patternThey lived in forests, eating leaves and fruit(Turnbaugh et al. 2002:192)No consensus on first hominoid: several different candidates:Morotopithecus, 20 mya in Ugandamobile shoulder joint for hanging in trees;vertebrae suggest short, stiff spine4EverEden2KenyapithecusKenyapithecus, ca. 15 mya in east Africa(some include it in Equatorius)jaw, face, teeth have ape-like featuresarm and ankle featuresDarwinsfootsoldier4EverEden2KenyapithecusiesabastosThe Y-5 cusp pattern is found only amonghominoid molars: it separates hominoids from Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea)Y-5 cusp patternhominoidBilophodont patternOld World monkeysBiological Anthropology, 2006, Stanford et al.:284Middle Miocene (16-10 mya)Increasing grassland savannasFew monkey or prosimian fossilsPeak of anthropoid proto-apes (over 20 species) Ramapithecid family, which includes Orangutan, branches off from Dryopithecid family (lesser ape, great ape, human lineages)Middle-late Miocene apes grouped into two families:Ramapithecids: Europe, Asia, AfricaDryopithecids: EuropeRamapithecids not thought to be our ancestorsAt least two genera, Sivapithecus and GigantopithecusSome think Sivapithecus is ancestral to Orangutan, >13 mya(Feder and Park 2007:138)SivapithecusModernorangutanMiddle Miocene, 16-10 mya Over 13 mya, orangutan lineage splits off with Sivapithecusmodern Orangutan(Turnbaugh et al. 2002:193)SivapithecusGSP 15000 fromPakistan(Whitehead et al. 2005:279)Dryopithecids: EuropeThought to be ancestral to lesser apes and restof the great apesGorilla lineage splits off around 8 mya:We have very little of the fossil record of gorillasLate Miocene (10-5 mya)Terminal Miocene Event: cooling trend caused aridity, and Africa went from all forest to a lot of grasslandThis environmental change is seen as significantin the development of the human (hominid)lineageOne Late Miocene ape wasOreopithecus9-7 mya in Italy http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130725125447.htmLong suspected of beingbipedal, a 2013 study ofits lower spine anatomyindicates it is more likeapes and not likebipedal humansLate Miocene (10-5 mya)Now Old World monkeys more common than apes, probably because could eat leaves Forests shrinking, more savanna grasslandsWhere are we finding fossils of early hominids?8-4 mya fossil gap when we think hominids split offFossil gap = period during which few fossils existWhat first set humans apart from apes?The earliest human ancestors have a mixture of ape-like and human-like characteristicsThe first distinctively human character is bipedal locomotionBut the brain remained the size of apesBut we are now realizing that the earliesthominids (bipedal humans) did not allstart out exactly like us in terms of locomotion:What we see in the beginning of bipedalityis a mosaic of characteristics and varietyin how these earliest humans are bipedal55 myaPeak Eocene55-36 myaAdapidsOmomyidslate EoceneParapithecidsPropliopithecids36-24 mya (Oligocene)Proconsul 24-16 mya (Miocene)First hominoids16-10 mya peak16-5 mya Ramapithecids, Dryopithecids ancestral to restincluding Sivapithecus of ape/human lineage>13 mya became Orangutan16-10 mya peak (Miocene)Ca. 8 mya gorillas split off6-5 mya chimps/humans splitCladistic treeBased on order ofevolutionary branching13 mya6-5 mya<1 mya9-7 mya?Remember, it is looking as though thelast common ancestor between humansand the other great apes, and evenbetween humans and gorillas/chimps,was arboreal, NOT
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