Epoch The Earliest Hominids 1 7 mya 5 mya Terminal Miocene Event first Hominids Early Cercopithecoid Hominoid split 24 mya Anthropoids proliferate Platyrrhine Catarrhine split 36 mya Late Eocene Catopithecus Undisputed primates prosimians earliest then anthropoids 55 mya 65 mya archaic primates disputed Plesiadapiforms http www ucmp berkeley edu cenozoic cenozoic html 22 Feb 2005 Given that humans split off from other hominoids during the Pliocene to Miocene what environmental changes were happening then that could have affected natural selection Terminal Miocene Event A cooling and drying trend Led to more open grasslands in much of Africa Savannah open grassland with scattered trees What is the first characteristic that sets hominids humans apart from apes regular bipedalism Although the earliest hominids also continued to spend a fair amount of time in trees as arboreal quadrupeds NOT knucklewalkers Although the earliest hominids were bipedal their postrcranial skeleton was not modern and their cranial characteristics were ape like The earliest hominids humans walked bipedally Their brains were still ape size Even though they walked on two legs they could still climb trees better than us today How can we tell they are bipedal What cranial what postcranial characteristics Cranium location of foramen magnum Postcranial shape of pelvis spinal curve knee foot anatomy Hominids bipedal list the four genera So far the earliest bipedal hominids are around 6 mya Four genera 1 Ardipithecus 5 8 4 4 mya e Africa 2 Australopithecus 4 2 1 8 mya e and s Africa 3 Paranthropus 2 2 1 0 mya e and s Africa 4 Homo 2 5 mya to present NOTE the question asked for genera NOT for species Sahelanthropus tchadensis Toumai 7 6 mya in Chad central Africa A nearly complete adult male skull two lower jaw fragments three teeth Heavy brow ridges Ape size brain 320 380 cubic cm Lived in wooded area Dated by faunal assemblage comparison Common ancestor of apes and humans or Could be early human not enough known yet http www talkorigins org Earliest human ancestors Ardipithecus ramidus A ramidus kadabba A ramidus 5 8 4 4 mya East Africa Four feet tall 110 pounds 50 individuals cranial facial dental upper limb hand foot collarbone Apelike in size anatomy and cranial capacity both bipedal and arboreal quadruped Unlike our earlier thoughts on the rise of bipedalism Ardipithecus lived in wooded areas Know especially Ardipithecus ramidus ramidus Arms legs equal in length monkey like Thumbs short wrists bend back for quadrupedal climbing in trees Big toe divergent but otherwise bipedal Lived in forested area Both climbed trees and walked bipedally Ape size brain Can you place the names of hominids in our lineage in chronological order Ardipithecus ramidus Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithicus africanus Homo habilis Homo erectus We re not sure about Australopithecus africanus we ll assume the early ones were in our lineage We re also not sure about Aus sediba Homo ergaster is sometimes grouped with what species Homo erectus Date ranges What hominid fossils occurred during the following date ranges 5 8 to 4 4 mya Ardipithecus ramidus 4 2 to 1 8 mya Australopithecus spp 2 5 to 1 6 mya Homo habilis 1 8 mya to 250 000 ya Homo erectus What general physical trends through time can we track among humans Brain increases in size Face less prognathic Teeth smaller goes along with less prognathism Cranium becomes more rounded as size increases Can you place pictures of the skulls in chronological order HINT you should be able to trace those trends 1 4 3 Toumai Who is this Paranthropus boisei 2 Confusing vocabulary Supraorbital ridge supraorbital torus brow ridge List the geological epochs of the Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era in chronological order starting with the oldest Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene What is the name of the Ice Age Pleistocene What is the Paleolithic and when is it Old Stone Age Beginning in the Pliocene but mostly during the Pleistocene Vocabulary For example Diastema foramen magnum prognathism Epiphysis Diaphysis Pangaea Laurasia Gondwanaland Paleolithic Hominoid Hominid Continental drift Postorbital constriction Hominid radiation More Examples of Vocabulary Flake Cranial capacity Supraorbital ridge torus Endocast Prehensile Paleodemography postcranial What is the proper way to write a scientific name If you are typing Genus species G species What about if you are hand writing it as on a test Genus species Note both are underlined but separately NOT one continuous line For example Homo sapiens WHO was first to Ardipithecus Walk upright H erectus Have average brain size within modern range H erectus Use fire H habilis H erectus H habilis Make stone tools Make shelters Start eating more meat H erectus Wear clothing H habilis Use language What hominids co existed lived at the same time By the end of the Pliocene around 2 3 2 2 mya we ve found several types of hominid Homo habilis 2 5 1 6 mya overlaps the following 4 species Paranthropus boisei robust 2 2 1 0 mya Paranthropus robustus robust 2 2 1 5 mya Australopithecus africanus gracile 3 0 2 3 mya Australopithecus sediba gracile 1 95 1 8 mya What sets Homo apart from Australopithecus Compared to Australopithecus 1 Larger cranial capacity beginning of trend 2 Less postorbital constriction 3 More rounded cranium no sagittal crest 4 Zygomatic arch smaller less massive jaw 5 Smaller slightly less prognathic face 6 Parabolic dental arch Australopithcus had U shaped arch Postcranial characteristics of early Homo Basically the same as australopithecines except hands and feet are more modern Like A africanus long arms and short legs Still climbing trees as well as walking Stone Tools Richard Leakey named H habilis because it made stone tools These first tools are called the Olduwan pebble chopper Made from pebbles take flakes off one or two sides Three tool types chopper flake hammerstone Use the percussion method Making a chopper hammerstone Analysis of faunal remains indicates H habilis was a scavenger rather than a hunter Find Mostly lower leg bones not entire skeletons little meat Cut marks over teeth marks The cut marks are not near joints so were just cutting meat not disarticulating How tell if a hominid hunted vs scavenged Scavenging salvaging meat from an animal killed by some other carnivore May see teeth marks from the carnivore If the teeth marks are UNDER any stone tool cut marks then the carnivore
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