Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Epoch65 mya55 mya36 mya24 mya1.7 mya(http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cenozoic/cenozoic.html;22 Feb 2005)5 myaThe Earliest Hominidsarchaic primates (disputed)(Plesiadapiforms)Undisputed primates:prosimians earliest, then anthropoidsAnthropoids proliferate:Platyrrhine/Catarrhine splitLate Eocene: CatopithecusTerminal Miocene Event: first HominidsEarly: Cercopithecoid/Hominoid splitGiven that humans split off from other hominoidsduring the Pliocene to Miocene,what environmental changes were happening thenthat could have affected natural selection?Terminal Miocene Event:A cooling and drying trendLed to more open grasslands in muchof AfricaSavannah: open grassland with scattered treesWhat is the first characteristic that setshominids (humans) apart from apes?regular bipedalismAlthough the earliest hominids also continuedto spend a fair amount of time in trees asarboreal quadrupeds (NOT knucklewalkers)Although the earliest hominids were bipedal,their postrcranial skeleton was not modern,and their cranial characteristics were ape-likeThe earliest hominids (humans) walked bipedallyTheir brains were still ape-sizeEven though they walked on two legs, they could still climb trees better than us todayHow can we tell they are bipedal?What cranial, what postcranial characteristics?Cranium: location of foramen magnumPostcranial: shape of pelvis, spinal curve, knee, foot anatomyHominids (bipedal):list the four generaSo far the earliest bipedal hominids are around 6 myaFour genera:1. Ardipithecus 5.8-4.4 mya, e Africa2. Australopithecus 4.2-1.8 mya, e and s Africa3. Paranthropus 2.2-1.0 mya, e and s Africa4. Homo 2.5 mya to present NOTE: the question asked for genera, NOT for species.Sahelanthropus tchadensis “Toumai”7-6 mya in Chad, central AfricaA nearly complete adult male skull, two lower jaw fragments, three teethHeavy brow ridgesApe-size brain (320-380 cubic cm)Lived in wooded areaDated by faunal assemblage comparisonCommon ancestorof apes and humans orCould be early human:not enough known yet(http://www.talkorigins.org/)Earliest human ancestorsArdipithecus (A. ramidus kadabba, A. ramidus ramidus) 5.8-4.4 mya East Africa 50+ individuals: cranial, facial, dental, upper limb, hand, foot, collarboneApelike in size, anatomy, and cranial capacityboth bipedal and arboreal quadrupedUnlike our earlier thoughts on the rise of bipedalism, Ardipithecus lived in wooded areasFour feet tall110 poundsKnow especially Ardipithecus ramidus ramidusArms/legs equal in length (monkey-like)Thumbs short, wrists bend back for quadrupedal climbing in treesBig toe divergent but otherwise bipedalLived in forested area. Both climbed trees andwalked bipedallyApe-size brainCan you place the names of hominidsin our lineage in chronological order?Homo ergaster is sometimes grouped with what species?Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis,Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithicus africanus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus,We’re not sure about Australopithecus africanus: we’llassume the early ones were in our lineageWe’re also not sure about Aus. sediba Homo erectusDate rangesWhat hominid fossils occurred duringthe following date ranges?5.8 to 4.4 mya4.2 to 1.8 mya2.5 to 1.6 mya1.8 mya to 250,000 yaArdipithecus ramidusAustralopithecus spp.Homo habilisHomo erectusWhat general physical trends throughtime can we track among humans?Brain increases in size Face less prognathic Teeth smaller (goes along with less prognathism)Cranium becomes more rounded (as size increases)Can you place pictures of the skulls inchronological order?HINT: you should be able to trace those trends 1Toumai 2 3 4 Who is this? Paranthropus boiseiConfusing vocabulary:Supraorbital ridge, supraorbital torus= brow ridge!List the geological epochs of theTertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era inchronological order, starting with the oldestPaleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, PlioceneWhat is the name of the Ice Age?PleistoceneWhat is the Paleolithic and when is it?Old Stone AgeBeginning in the Pliocenebut mostly during the PleistoceneVocabulary For example:Diastema foramen magnum prognathismEpiphysis Diaphysis PangaeaLaurasia Gondwanaland PaleolithicHominoid Hominid Continental driftPostorbital constriction Hominid radiationMore Examples of VocabularyFlakeCranial capacitySupraorbital ridge/torusEndocastPrehensilePaleodemographypostcranialWhat is the proper way to write a scientific name?If you are typing, Genus speciesG. speciesWhat about if you are hand-writing it, as on a test?Genus speciesNote both are underlined, but separately (NOT one continuousline)For example, Homo sapiensWHO was first to . . . . ???Walk upright?Have average brain size within modern range?Use fire?Make stone tools?Make shelters?Start eating more meat?Wear clothing?Use language?ArdipithecusH. erectusH. erectusH. habilisH. erectusH. habilisH. erectusH. habilisBy the end of the Pliocene, around 2.3-2.2 myawe’ve found several types of hominid:Australopithecus africanus (gracile) (3.0-2.3 mya)Australopithecus sediba (gracile) (1.95-1.8 mya)Paranthropus boisei (robust) (2.2-1.0 mya)Paranthropus robustus (robust) (2.2-1.5 mya)Homo habilis (2.5-1.6 mya)overlaps the following 4 species:What hominids co-existed (lived at the same time)?What sets Homo apart from Australopithecus?Compared to Australopithecus:1. Larger cranial capacity (beginning of trend)2. Less postorbital constriction3. More rounded cranium, no sagittal crest4. Zygomatic arch smaller, less massive jaw5. Smaller, slightly less prognathic face6. Parabolic dental arch (Australopithcus had U-shaped arch)Postcranial characteristics of early Homo:Basically the same as australopithecines, excepthands and feet are more modernLike A. africanus, long arms and short legs:Still climbing trees as well as walkingStone ToolsRichard Leakey named H. habilis because it made stone tools.These first tools are called the Olduwan pebble chopperMade from pebbles: take flakes off one or two sidesThree tool types: chopper, flake, hammerstoneUse the percussion methodhammerstoneMaking a chopperAnalysis of faunal remains indicates H. habilis was a scavenger rather than a hunter. Find:Mostly lower
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