Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42NO TEXTBOOK, which meansyou need to attend all the classes!ANTH 101, Section 1Primates, People, & PrehistoryInstructor: Dr. Gail WagnerT.A.: Brittany WalterOur offices: Hamilton College, at thecorner of Pickens and Pendleton streetsSending an emailto professor or T.A.:If you leave the Subject line blank, it will bedeleted without openingBe sure to put ANTH 101 or else Human Evolutionin the Subject lineYou can always follow it with more informationFor example,ANTH 101 Carstens absenceBlackboard web page for courseIt is up to you to gain and maintainaccess to BlackboardLosing access to your computer orinternet at home is not an adequateexcuse for not completing onlineassignments on time.Course is divided into three sectionsGrades are based on: 3 Tests (final is comprehensive)10 Worksheets (#1 DUE Sept. 4, online) 4 Quizzes on/during the moviesNO EXTRA CREDIT other than surprise,in-class, end-of-class pop quizzesOnline practice quizzes will be available.Taking them will help you study for the tests.What is anthropology?The holistic and integrative scientific study of humansexploring human diversity in space and timeAnthropology is holistic, comparative, interdisciplinary, and cross-culturalLinguisticStudy of human verbal and nonverbalcommunicationArchaeologyStudy of human behaviorand societiesthrough material remainsBiologicalStudy of the human as a biological species,past and present, including other close relativesCulturalStudy of human societiesand cultural behaviorThe four subfields in anthropologyThis course examines human biological and cultural evolutionWe begin with background material:* How recover artifacts and fossils* How date objects* Basic genetics* Introduction to primates and their behaviorSecond part of course covers fossilevidence for human evolutionThird part of course covers modern humansand their spread across the worldAnthropologists have a professional code of ethics with ethical obligations to:a.the people whom they studyb. those who fund the researchc. the profession of anthropologyd. studentse. the animals or objects with which they workWhat makes usHUMAN???BIOLOGICALN=29 groups2012answersCOGNITIVEN=29 groups2012 answers2012 answersOTHERN=29 groups2012 answersFor much of human history, we looked to CREATION MYTHS: stories that account for a society’s origin, often involving supernatural happenings.- provides account of origin of the world- lays out society’s world view and belief system- may explain social behaviorFRAMEWORKS for studying human evolutionIn this course we will use the scientific method:Process by which phenomena areexplained through observation, andposing and testing hypotheses hypothesis: tentative but testable explanationof relationship between certain phenomena or variablesHow do scientists pick the best explanation?1. Define the problem or question clearly.2. List two or more alternative solutions/answers.3. Develop and apply “Fair Tests” that: a. Could support two or more alternative solutions; b. Do NOT have the same basis as any of the alternative solutions.4. Examine criteria such as: a. Strength of each fair test; b. Agreement among fair tests; c. Strength of the alternative solutions.(Taken from ENSI 1999:http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb)Example Problem:How did the great diversity of life originate?Alternative hypotheses (solutions):1. All living things were created at the same time. Basis: Literal biblical interpretation.2. Different types of living things were created at different times. Basis: Modified biblical interpretation.3. Different types evolved from earlier types. Basis: Inferred from classification of living things. IF #1, THEN I’d expect to see ??? among ???Fair Test #1:1. Look at fossil collections and when they occur.2. Chromosome banding patterns, comparing different living groups.3. Amino acid sequences in proteins, comparing different living groups.4. DNA hybridization tests between different groups.Theory:A hypothesis that has been well supported byevidence and testing.Examples:Theory of gravityAtomic theoryTheory of evolution Explains how life developed and changedSome people still mistakenly think thatreligious belief cannot coexist withscientific investigationScientific creationismThe belief that scientific evidence exists tosupport the biblical creation story, and thatno evidence supports the theory of evolution.Scientific creationism is NOT scientificIntelligent DesignThe belief that life is too complex to have evolvednaturally. It must have been designed by someintelligent entity. This is not a testable idea: it must be taken on faithBackground for understandingTheory of EvolutionPrior to 1859, the Biblical framework of history (our creation myth) was the only acceptable way to view the past. In 1650, Archbishop Ussher counted the generations in Genesis and figured the earth began in 4004 BC. He interpreted the bible literally. Many believed the world was less than 6000 yrs old.However, natural scientists and observers of the world around them began to question, began scientific observations.Geologists saw evidence that the earth had undergone tremendous changes. How could this happen within 6000 yrs? Catastrophists explained this by saying there had been a series of catastrophes, with Noah’s flood the most recent (often looked for divine intervention).Uniformitarianism Change comes about through natural, observable processes, not unknown catastrophes. The rates and processes of change in the past were the same as they are now. The key here for using this to explain the origin of earth is GIVEN ENOUGH TIME. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) “The present is the key to the past.”Mini-summary: Two explanations have been offered to account for change in the world (e.g., mountains eroding to plains):We accept the explanation of uniformitarianism.Given uniformitarianism, the world MUST be olderthan 6000 years old.1. Catastrophism (sudden large changes)2. Uniformitarianism (rate of change remains the same as we can observe today)Then people began to question whether life forms had changed.Linneaus 1758, who devised binomial system of
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