Review for Test 2 Hominid Evolution Monday Nov 4 Test will be on paper which we supply It will cover the material since the first test Study from your class notes Vocabulary list Posted Powerpoints and Pp reviews Online practice quizzes Worksheets 5 6 7 8 Movies Lucy Flintknapping A Human Way of Life Test totals 50 points it is more difficult than Test 1 All questions are 0 5 points each Except for 6 short answer questions 34 Multiple choice 4 Identify the skull pictures 6 Identify the firsts 14 Matching 15 True False 13 Definitions 5 one point each short answers 1 two point explanation of model hypothesis two are given you choose one to answer We ve covered five big questions about models or hypotheses 1 Theory of Evolution 2 Theory of Plate Tectonics 3 Visual Predation Theory 4 Development of bipedalism 5 Expensive Tissue Hypothesis Two have been chosen for the single two point question but all are on the test in one form or another Of the two given you can choose which one to explain What is evolution The change in allele frequency of a population over time NOTE this is the only definition that will be accepted On an individual level variation can arise from one generation to the next through sexual reproduction Mutation linked genes crossing over leading to recombination and independent sorting segregation On the level of a population a change in the allele frequency can occur because of Mutation gene flow genetic drift or natural selection Does evolution occur at the individual or the population level population NOTE natural selection is one of the factors that can contribute to evolutionary change What does the Theory of Natural Selection posit Organisms are adapted to their environment Variation already exists see earlier reasons due to sexual reproduction Those best adapted survive Those who survive pass on their variation to their offspring Population undergoes adaptive change when environment changes What theory posits that plates covering the earth move Theory of Plate Tectonics What is that movement called Continental drift Why do we care 1 As continents separate can result in splitting of gene pool resulting in genetic drift 2 As continents join can result in gene flow 3 As continents move the climate and environment change 4 Through time the worldwide climate changed ALL of the above can contribute to evolutionary change that is change in the allele frequency of a population over time What theory has been presented to explain why primates developed good visual acuity prehensile hands nails Visual predation theory Visual Predation Theory Searching for fruit and insects on slender branches favors vision especially forward facing eyes over smell grasping hands and feet and nails instead of claws WHO does this theory apply to the earliest primates the early prosimians List possible factors or influences for why bipedalism was advantageously adaptive To move about more efficiently among the scattered trees use less calories to move To be able to stand up for a better view over the grasses Ability to carry objects males could then provision females note this is advantageous no matter whether you live in grasslands or in forests Stand up to cool off Advantageous for foraging harvesting you can reach for foods Display of dominance leading to reproductive success note this is advantageous no matter where you live Navigate complex topography successfully The timing of when bipedalism developed is tied to what climatic change Timing is tied in to the Terminal Miocene Event cooling drying trend resulted in African forests becoming more grassland with scattered trees However if earliest hominids lived in forests as Ardipithecus appears to have done need to reassess how bipedalism was advantageous explain the Expensive Tissue Hypothesis Note to score well on this question you need to systematically explain begin by telling us what this hypothesis explains and for what hominid This hypothesis explains why hominid brains finally greatly increased in size and specifically why the Homo erectus brain was so much bigger than previous hominid brains Next define expensive tissue Brain is one of 5 expensive tissues in the body Expensive tissue is organs that are small in size but need a lot of energy These are the brain gut heart liver and kidney Brain can t expand in size until one of the other expensive tissues shrinks and or hominids take in more energy Why don t the heart liver or kidney shrink Heart liver and kidney are scaled to body size so if body size gets larger they do too So logically which other expensive tissue could shrink and how allowing the brain to expand That leaves the gut It could shrink if you began eating higher quality food more meat in diet and or processed food by cooking We think it did shrink and the brain expanded List the evidence that supports the Expensive Tissue Hypothesis 1 Shape of Homo erectus rib cage changes to incurved at bottom barrel shaped which it could do if gut inside it took up less space i e shrank 2 Evidence for more meat in diet of Homo erectus find more animal bones Higher protein supplies more energy 3 Indirect evidence of more pre processing of food before ingestion so less work needed to be done by gut to digest food control of fire by humans How much early stuff do you need to know What detail in names and dates Most frequently the dates or date ranges are given to you However you need to be able to link the correct names with the correct dates and put things in order Be guided by this review on how much detail you need to know And as always it pays to learn the vocabulary What is the name of the original large land mass Pangaea This land mass split into what two land masses Laurasia to the north Gondwanaland to the south About when did the continents first reach the present arrangement early Miocene 23 mya Did humans and dinosaurs live at the same time NO When did dinosaurs die out 65 mya Why did they mostly die out then asteroid hit the earth When do the first true mammals appear 220 mya during the time of dinosaurs When do the first flowering plants appear 140 mya during the time of dinosaurs When do the first undisputed primates appear 55 mya after dinosaurs are wiped out What did the earliest mammals look like Small nocturnal in habit What happened at 65 mya Asteroid hit the earth mass extinctions Wiped out dinosaurs End of Mesozoic Era and Cretaceous Period Beginning of Cenozoic Era and Tertiary Period When dinosaurs were
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