Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Review for Test 2Hominid EvolutionMonday, Nov. 4Test will be on paper, which we supplyIt will cover the material since the first testStudy from your class notes;Vocabulary listPosted Powerpoints and Pp reviews;Online practice quizzes;Worksheets 5, 6, 7, 8;Movies: Lucy, Flintknapping, A Human Way of LifeTest totals 50 points: it is more difficult than Test 1All questions are 0.5 points eachExcept for 6 short answer questions34 Multiple choice 4 Identify the skull pictures 6 Identify the “firsts”14 Matching15 True/False13 Definitions 5 one-point each short answers 1 two-point explanation of model/hypothesis (two are given, you choose one to answer)We’ve covered five big questions aboutmodels or hypotheses:1. Theory of Evolution2. Theory of Plate Tectonics3. Visual Predation Theory4. Development of bipedalism5. Expensive Tissue HypothesisTwo have been chosen for the single two-point question,but all are on the test in one form or another. Of the twogiven, you can choose which one to explain.What is evolution?The change in allele frequency of a population over timeNOTE: this is the only definition that will be acceptedOn an individual level, variation can arise from onegeneration to the next through sexual reproduction:Mutation, linked genes, crossing over leading to recombination, and independent sorting/segregationOn the level of a population, a change in the allelefrequency can occur because of:Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, or natural selectionNOTE: natural selection is one of the factorsthat can contribute to evolutionary changeDoes evolution occur at the individual or the population level?populationWhat does the Theory of Natural Selection posit?- Organisms are adapted to their environment- Variation already exists (see earlier reasons due to sexual reproduction)- Those best adapted survive- Those who survive pass on their variation to their offspring- Population undergoes adaptive change when environment changesWhat theory posits that plates covering the earth move?Theory of Plate TectonicsWhat is that movement called?Continental drift1. As continents separate, can result in splitting of gene pool, resulting in genetic drift2. As continents join, can result in gene flow3. As continents move, the climate and environment change4. Through time, the worldwide climate changedALL of the above can contribute to evolutionary change,that is, change in the allele frequency of a populationover time.Why do we care?What theory has been presented to explainwhy primates developed good visual acuity,prehensile hands, nails?Visual predation theoryVisual Predation TheorySearching for fruit and insects on slender branchesfavors vision (especially forward-facing eyes)over smell, grasping hands and feet, andnails instead of clawsWHO does this theory apply to?the earliest primates, the early prosimiansTo move about more efficiently among the scattered trees, use less calories to moveTo be able to stand up for a better view over the grassesAbility to carry objects (males could then provision females)(note: this is advantageous no matter whether you live in grasslands or in forests)Stand up to cool offAdvantageous for foraging/harvesting: you can reach forfoodsDisplay of dominance, leading to reproductive success (note:this is advantageous no matter where you live)Navigate complex topography successfullyList possible factors or influences for whybipedalism was advantageously adaptive:Timing is tied in to the Terminal Miocene Event:cooling/drying trend resulted in African forests becomingmore grassland with scattered trees:However, if earliest hominids lived in forests, asArdipithecus appears to have done,need to reassess how bipedalismwas advantageous!The timing of when bipedalism developed is tied to what climatic change?explain the Expensive Tissue HypothesisNote: to score well on this question, you need tosystematically explain . . . .begin by telling us what this hypothesisexplains and for what hominidThis hypothesis explains why hominid brains finally greatly increased in size, and specifically why the Homo erectus brain was so much bigger than previous hominid brainsNext, define expensive tissue!Brain is one of 5 expensive tissues in the body:Expensive tissue is organs that are small in size but need a lot of energy. These are the brain, gut, heart, liver, and kidney.Brain can’t expand in size until one of the other expensive tissues shrinks and/or hominids take in more energyHeart, liver, and kidney are scaled to body size,so if body size gets larger, they do tooThat leaves the gut. It could shrink if you beganeating higher quality food (more meat in diet)and/or processed food by cookingWe think it did shrink, and the brain expanded.Why don’t the heart, liver, or kidney shrink?So logically, which other expensive tissuecould shrink (and how), allowing the brain to expand?1. Shape of Homo erectus rib cage changes, to incurved at bottom (barrel-shaped) (which it could do if gut inside it took up less space -- i.e., shrank)2. Evidence for more meat in diet of Homo erectus: find more animal bones. Higher protein supplies more energy.3. Indirect evidence of more pre-processing of food before ingestion (so less work needed to be done by gut to digest food): control of fire by humansList the evidence that supports the Expensive Tissue HypothesisHow much early stuff do you need to know?What detail in names and dates?Most frequently, the dates or date ranges are givento youHowever, you need to be able to link the correctnames with the correct datesand put things in orderBe guided by this review on how much detailyou need to knowAnd, as always, it pays to learn the vocabulary !!!What is the name of the original large land mass?PangaeaThis land mass split into what two land masses?Laurasia to the northGondwanaland to the southAbout when did the continents firstreach the present arrangement?early Miocene, 23 myaDid humans and dinosaurs live at the same time?NOWhen did dinosaurs die out?65 myaWhy did they mostly die out then?asteroid hit the earth!When do the first true mammals appear?220 mya, during the time of dinosaursWhen do
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