Homo sapiens anatomically modern Transitional near modern by 300 000 100 000 ya in Africa Fully modern appear by 195 000 ya in Africa By 28 000 ya ALL humans are anatomically modern Turnbaugh et al 2002 322 Smithsonian Institution High round cranium back of head round tall forehead flat face brow ridge smaller has chin Feder Park 2001 318 Whitehead et al 2005 318 Smithsonian Institution Upper Paleolithic Tool traditions made by early H sapiens In Europe is called Aurignacian In both Europe and Africa more technologically sophisticated than was Middle Paleolithic Characterized by use of blades Broader subsistence base Settlements are larger Blade A type of flake struck off a prepared core A blade is at least 2x long as wide parallel sided Upper Paleolithic Associated with H sapiens Characterized by blade tools Once prepared core is made blades produced quickly Get much more edge per unit of raw material Turnbaugh et al 2002 331 Question about evolution to or origin of modern H sapiens Did all regional populations evolve or just one H erectus 1 8 mya to 250 000 ya Found in Africa Europe and Asia Archaic H sapiens 780 000 to 28 000 ya Found in Africa Europe and Asia Fully modern H sapiens Found as early as 195 000 ya What is the basic problem We can t tell for certain which are separate species How can we tell when they are the SAME species Members of the same species can mate and produce fertile offspring One extreme ALL Homo are the same species H sapiens There may be nine or more species of Homo rudolfensis habilis ergaster erectus antecessor heidelbergensis neanderthalensis sapiens and floresiensis Three models on the origin of anatomically modern H sapiens Multiregional Evolution Model Recent African Origin Model Historically has been called Replacement Model or Out of Africa Model or Eve Model Mostly Out of Africa Model Multiregional Evolution Model 1 Homo erectus originated in Africa and spread out into Europe Asia and more of Africa 2 Local H erectus populations evolved regional differences in response to local environmental conditions 3 Although regional differences developed gene flow was substantial enough so that all stayed one species 4 Populations of H erectus simultaneously evolved into modern H sapiens retaining local differences that had already developed among H erectus in that area Multiregional Model Price Feinman 2010 107 Recent African Origin Model Replacement Out of Africa or Eve model 1 Only one archaic Homo or H erectus population in Africa evolved into modern H sapiens who then spread outward from that geographic area 2 Other archaic Homo populations elsewhere were replaced by this one that had originated in Africa In other words the anatomically modern Homo sapiens did not interbreed with the archaic populations in each area they took over genetically Recent African Origin Model Price Feinman 2010 107 Mostly Out of Africa Model 1 Homo erectus spread out of Africa 2 Modern Homo sapiens originated in Africa and spread out 3 Gene flow was not restricted or one way so that present genetic variability reflects both local older developments and more recent African developments In other words anatomically modern Homo sapiens interbred with the local archaic populations What evidence would support each hypothesis Fossil evidence Cultural evidence Modern genetic evidence These are covered in class on Friday Only modern H sapiens spread to the farthest reaches of the world into Siberia Australia Pacific islands New World North Central South America Remember this spread occurred during the Pleistocene the Ice Age When glaciation caused low sea levels allowing some land masses to be joined Next week we ll talk about when and how people populated Australia and the Americas Worksheet 9 on modern H sapiens DUE Nov 18 and Worksheet 10 on human variation your last worksheetDUE Dec 2 Each posted 2 weeks before due
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