Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Homo sapiensanatomically modern(Smithsonian Institution)(Turnbaugh et al. 2002:322)Transitional, near modern by 300,000-100,000 ya in AfricaFully modern appear by 195,000 ya in AfricaBy 28,000 ya, ALL humans are anatomically modernHigh, round cranium, back of head round,tall forehead, flat face, brow ridge smaller,has chin(Feder & Park 2001:318; Whitehead et al. 2005:318)(Smithsonian Institution)Upper PaleolithicTool traditions made by early H. sapiensIn Europe is called AurignacianIn both Europe and Africa, more technologicallysophisticated than was Middle PaleolithicCharacterized by use of bladesBroader subsistence baseSettlements are largerBlade: A type of flake struck off a prepared core.A blade is at least 2x long as wide, parallel sided.Upper PaleolithicAssociated with H. sapiensCharacterized by blade tools:Once prepared core is made, bladesproduced quicklyGet much more edgeper unit of raw material(Turnbaugh et al. 2002:331)Question about evolution to or origin of modern H. sapiens:Did all regional populations evolve, or just one?Archaic H. sapiens 780,000 to 28,000 yaFound in Africa, Europe, and AsiaFully modern H. sapiensFound as early as 195,000 yaH. erectus 1.8 mya to 250,000 yaFound in Africa, Europe, and AsiaWhat is the basic problem?We can’t tell for certain which are separate species.How can we tell when they are the SAME species?Members of the same species can mateand produce fertile offspringOne extreme: ALL Homo are the same species, H. sapiensThere may be nine or more species of Homo:rudolfensis, habilis, ergaster, erectus, antecessor, heidelbergensis, neanderthalensis, sapiens, and floresiensisMultiregional Evolution ModelRecent African Origin ModelHistorically has been called Replacement Model, orOut of Africa Model, orEve ModelMostly-Out-of-Africa ModelThree models on the origin ofanatomically modern H. sapiens:Multiregional Evolution Model: 1. Homo erectus originated in Africa and spread outinto Europe, Asia, and more of Africa2. Local H. erectus populations evolved regionaldifferences in response to local environmental conditions3. Although regional differences developed, gene flow was substantial enough so that all stayed one species4. Populations of H. erectus simultaneously evolved into modern H. sapiens, retaining local differencesthat had already developed among H. erectus in that areaMultiregional Model(Price & Feinman 2010:107)Recent African Origin Model(Replacement, Out of Africa or Eve model): 1. Only one archaic Homo or H. erectus population in Africa evolved into modern H. sapiens, who then spread outward from that geographic area2. Other archaic Homo populations elsewhere werereplaced by this one that had originated in AfricaIn other words, the anatomically modern Homo sapiens did not interbreed with the archaic populations in each area: they took over geneticallyRecent African Origin Model(Price & Feinman 2010:107)Mostly Out of Africa Model1. Homo erectus spread out of Africa2. Modern Homo sapiens originated inAfrica and spread out3. Gene flow was not restricted or one-way,so that present genetic variability reflectsboth local older developments and more recent African developmentsIn other words, anatomically modern Homosapiens interbred with the local archaicpopulationsWhat evidence would support each hypothesis?What evidence would support each hypothesis?Fossil evidenceCultural evidenceModern genetic evidenceThese are covered in classon FridayOnly modern H. sapiens spread to thefarthest reaches of the world:into SiberiaAustraliaPacific islandsNew World (North-Central-South America)Remember, this spread occurred duringthe Pleistocene, the Ice Age,When glaciation caused low sea levels,allowing some land masses to be joinedNext week we’ll talk about when and howpeople populated Australia and the AmericasWorksheet 9 on modern H. sapiensDUE Nov. 18andWorksheet 10 on human variation-your last worksheet-DUE Dec. 2Each posted 2 weeks before
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