Midterm Study Guide for CPO 2002 Exam 1 Comparative Politics the study and comparison of politics across countries Comparative Method a way to compare cases and draw conclusions By comparing countries or subsets within them scholars seek out conclusions and generalizations that could be valid in other cases Mill s Methods the five methods of logic described by John Stuart Mill in the book the System of Logic 1 Method of agreement consists in a systematic effort to find a single factor that is common to a number of occurrences for the purpose of identifying that factor as the cause of a general phenomenon present in the occurrences This method identifies a cause in the sense of a necessary condition 2 Method of difference consists in a systematic effort to identify a single factor that is present in an occurrence in which the phenomenon in question is present and absent from an occurrence in which the phenomenon is absent This only requires a sufficient condition 3 Joint method of agreement and difference consists of a systematic effort to identify a single condition that is present in two or more occurrences in which the phenomenon in question is present and that is absent from two or more occurrences in which the phenomenon is absent 4 Method of concomitant variation AKA correlation identifies a causal connection between two conditions by matching variations in one condition with variations in another BUT this does NOT automatically imply causation 5 Method of residues consists of a separating from a group of causally connected conditions and phenomena those strands of causal connection that are already known leaving the required causal connection as the residue Example A recession increases the unemployment rate but unemployment must also have structural causes in the economy because there is some unemployment even during boom periods I found this in http www oakton edu user 4 ebottorf Lecture21 pdf To practice and look for more examples go to http www wwnorton com college phil logic3 ch15 Hw15b htm Power the ability to in uence others or impose one s will on them Spectrum of Influence I will use the example of the union strikers which was in the lecture o Rational Persuasion The use of facts data and logical arguments to convince people that your alternative is the best one Example You re not going to find another job if get fired in this one o Manipulative Persuasion The use of lies or fake bribes to get people to obey you Example Oh don t worry we ll give you a raise or Oh don t worry we will give you compensation for striking o Inducement bribery o Control The use of threats to get people to obey you Example If you do not strike we will take you off the union o Coercion The use of intimidation such as weapons to get people to obey you Example If you strike we ll hit you o Force When you harm people because they re not obeying you In the Civil rights movement protest the police would use high pressure water hoses and dogs a force Authority the power or right to give orders make decisions and enforce obedience Rational Legal legitimacy a system of laws and procedures that becomes highly Traditional legitimacy the state is obeyed because it has a long tradition of being Charismatic legitimacy its identi cation with the magnetic appeal of a leader or institutionalized Example US obeyed Example Japan and UK movement Legitimacy the extent to which the authority is regarded right and power Social Contract a notion developed by Thomas Hobbes whereby people surrender certain liberties in favor of order The State organizations that maintain a monopoly of violence over a territory Political scientists also distinguish between the state and the government considering the government to be the leadership or elite that administers the state Sovereignty The ability of a state to carry out actions or policies within a territory independently from external actors or internal rivals Autonomy The ability of the state to wield its power independently of the public Capacity The ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks such as defending territory making and enforcing rules collecting taxes and managing the economy Regime The fundamental rules and norms of politics embodying long term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality where power should reside and the use of that power Government The leadership or the elite running the state Civil society Organizations outside of the state that help people de ne and advance their own interests City League A group of cities like Athens and Sparta after the Peloponnesian wars City State a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state Weak State have trouble carrying out those basic tasks and often su er from endemic internal violence poor infrastructure and the inability to collect taxes and enforce the rule of law Federalism A system in which signi cant state powers such as taxation law making and security are devolved to regional or local bodies p 146 Unitary States concentrate most of their political power in the national capital allocating little decision making power to regions or localities Examples United Kingdom and South Africa Institutions An organization or activity that is self perpetuating and valued for its own sake p A18 Formal Institutions Institutions usually based on o cially sanctioned rules that are relatively clear p A17 Informal Institutions Institutions with unwritten and unofficial rules Types of Change Radical attitudes support revolutionary change Liberal attitudes promote evolutionary change Conservative attitudes do not promote any change Reactionary attitudes promote restorative change Ethnic Identity Speci c attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally di erent from others The Nation It is an imagined political community that is seen to be both limited and sovereign lecture definition A group that desires self government through an independent state p A20 in Glossary of Essentials of CPO Nationalism pride in one s people and the belief that they share a common political identity Two people are most likely of the same nation if they share the same culture or if they recognize that they of the same nation of course Liberalism 1 A political attitude that favors evolutionary transformation 2 An ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy and places a high priority on individual political and
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