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CPO2002 Exam 1 Study GuideChapter 2: What is Science?- Argument-a set of logically connected statements typically in the form of a set of premises and a conclusion- Categorical syllogism-specific type of argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion- Comparative Method-(the most common method of inductive research)- Also known as Mill’s method, involves the systematic search for the necessary and sufficient causes of political phenomena. The Comparative method compromises the Method of agreement and the Method of Compromise (Mill’s methods are empirical methods- they tell us what happens but not why the phenomena occurs together)- Conclusion (in an argument)-is a claim that is thought to be supported by premises- Critical Test-allows analysts to use observation to distinguish between two or more competing explanations of the same phenomenon. - Deductive Approach to Learning-formulates an expectation about what weought to observe in light of a particular theory about the world and then set out to see if our observations are consistent with our theory- Falsifiable-scientists statements must be falsifiable, this means that they are potentially testable-there must be some imaginable observation that could falsify or refute them - Falsificationism-approach to science in which scientists generate testable hypotheses from theories designed to explain the phenomena of interest, it emphasizes that scientific theories are constantly called into question and their merit lies only in how well they stand up to rigorous testing- Inductive Approach to Learning-starts with a set of observations and then tries to ascertain a pattern in the observation that can be used to generate an explanation for the observation. - Invalid Argument- when we accept the premises of an argument but we are free to accept or reject its conclusions the argument is invalid- Method of Agreement-compares cases that agree in regard to political phenomena to be explained- Method of Difference-compares cases that disagree in regard to the outcome explained- Necessary Condition- circumstance in whose absence in the phenomena in question cannot occur. Example: Oxygen (cause) is a necessary condition for fire (effect). Y NEVER HAPPENS UNLESS X HAPPENS, If Y then X or If no Y then no X.- Premise-statement that is presumed to be true within the context of an argument leading to a conclusion- Scientific Method-describes the process by which scientists learn about the world- Sufficient Condition-is a circumstance in whose presence the phenomenon in question must occur example: Jumping (cause) is the sufficient conditionPQfor leaving the ground (effect). Y always happens if X happens, if X then Y, If no Y then no X.- Tautology-a statement that is true by definition- Theory-set of logically consistent statements that tells us why the things we observe occur- Uniformity of Nature-asserts that nature’s operating mechanisms are unchanging in the sense that if X causes Y today, then it will also cause Y tomorrow and the next day and so on- Valid Argument-an argument is valid when accepting its premises compels us to accept its conclusionsLogic: Valid and Invalid Arguments1. Major Premise: If a country has a strong economy, the government will be popularMinor Premise: the government is not popularConclusion: Therefore, the country does not have a strong economy.a. Is this a Valid or Invalid argument?- Validb. What form of categorical syllogism is this?- Denying the Consequent (our case is not in Q, therefore, it cant be in P)2. Major Premise: If the president commits a criminal act, then he can be impeached.Minor Premise: The president does not commit a criminal act.Conclusion: Therefore, the president cannot be impeached.a. Is this a Valid or Invalid Argument?- Invalidb. What form of categorical syllogism is this?- Denying the Antecedent (just because it isnot in P doesn’t mean it is not in Q)3. Major Premise: If a country employs proportionalrepresentation electoral rules, it will have many partiesMinor Premise: The country does not employ proportionalrepresentation electoral rulesConclusion: Therefore the country does not have many partiesa. Valid or Invalid?- Invalidb. What form of categorical syllogism is this?- Denying the Antecedent (just because it is not in P doesn’t mean it is not in Q)4. Major Premise: If theory T is correct, all rich countries will be democracies.Minor Premise: All rich countries are democracies.Conclusion: Therefore, theory T is correct.a. Valid or Invalid?- Invalidb. What form of Categorical syllogism is this?- Affirming the consequent (just because our case is in Q does not mean it is also in P)c. If you wanted to demonstrate that theory T is wrong, what would you have to observe?- We would have to deny the consequent and would have to observe a country that is a wealthy dictatorship. Scientific Statements5. All mainstream U.S. Senators agree that the House bill is unacceptablea. Is this statement scientific if “mainstream” is defined in terms of the acceptability of the House bill? –NOb. Is this statement scientific if “mainstream” is defined in terms of the ideology of the senators? –YES6. All good students get high gradesa. Is this statement scientific if “good” is defined in terms of a student’s grade? –NOb. Is this statement scientific if “good” is determined in terms of a student’s enthusiasm? –YESNecessary and Sufficient Conditions7. If a person contracts measles, then she was exposed to the measles virus.-Necessary Condition-if you have effect then you will also have the condition, you can’t have effect without condition8. If a democracy is rich, then it will stay a democracy.-Sufficient Condition-if you have the condition then you will also have the effect, you can have condition without effect9. A country cannot maintain a democratic form of government unless it has a culture that promotes civic participation. -Necessary Condition-can’t have effect without condition.10. Countries have many parties only when they employ proportional electoral rules.-Necessary Condition-if you have effect only happens when condition happens if you have the effect then you will also have the condition11. Countries always have few parties when they employ majoritarian electoral rules.-Sufficient Condition-effect always happens when condition happensChapter 3: What is politics?- Backward Induction-process of reasoning backward from the end


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FSU CPO 2002 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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