The Modern Statenation: group of people who share common identity (language, religion, ethnicity, shared history)state: “a human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory”- Weber - requires territory, legitimate force, and monopoly on the force- “A state is an organization with a comparative advantage in violence, extending over a geographic area whose boundaries are determined by its power to tax con-stituents.”- Even if states use force in the best interest of society and it is authorized - STATES STILL RULE BY COERCION (force or intimidation)Contractarian view: social contract between individuals in the state of nature in which the states provide security in exchange for obedience from the citizenry- Hobbes (protection)—Locke (property rights)—Rousseau (collective good)- man can not behave himself in the absence of a common power to keep him in awe (Hobbes)State of Nature: “to steal or not to steal”- is this a fair description of human behavior?Preference Ordering: Best outcome is when you steal, partner refrains—second best is if you both refrain from stealing, third best if you both steal, worst is if you refrain and your partner stealsNormal Form Game Theory:Ordinal payoffs- tell how a player ranks outcomes doesn’t tell how much more a player prefers an outcomeStrategy- a complete plan of action that specifies what a player would do under every possible circumstanceNash Equilibrium- a set of strategies in which no player has an incentive to unilaterally change his mind given what the other players are doingSolving the Game: 1) Look down each (vertical) column and underline Player 1’s highest payoff, might be more than one2) Look across each row and underline Player 2’s highest payoff in that row, might be more than one3) All Nash equilibria will have both numbers in the cell underlinedCivil Society: solution to the “state of nature” problem above—create sovereignsocial contract—give up natural rights in exchange for civil rights- choice between civil society and state of nature?Reasons for Government:- community and nation building- security and order- protecting rights- promoting economic efficiency and growth (public goods, externalities)- social justice- protecting the weakWhen Government becomes a problem: destruction of community (client society), viola-tions of basic rights, economic ineffiency (monopolies), government for private gain (rent seeking), vested interests and inertia (checks and balances)Predatory View of the State: if people can’t be trustworthy/public spirited, why would representatives with power be? “states that exercise effective control over the use of vi-olence are in a position to threaten the security of citizens”- Tilly- the modern state emerged as a by-product of the attempts of leaders to survive- war making (against external rivals), state making (against internal rivals), protec-tion (against enemies of clients), extracting (acquiring the means to do it all)- the predatory view provides the same protections as the Contractarian stateMultinational States: consist of a multitude of nations (Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia were multinational states that have now broken apart), this absence of a common identity can have political consequences, boundaries cut across ethnic lines (Nigeria: artificial creation of British colonial rule; they had no common history before this no they were sharply divided on religion, split in 250 ethnic groups)Failed State: a state like entity that can’t coerce or control inhabitants (Afghanistan,
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