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EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE CH 1 6 Comparative Political Science Comparative politics is the study of political phenomena that The study of political phenomena through the comparative occur predominately within countries method What is science A strategy for understanding and explaining the social and natural world that emphasizes the use of statements that can be examined to see whether they are wrong Science is a quest for knowledge that requires criticism Scientific statements must be falsifiable Observing the world and coming up with a question or a Research Question puzzle Theory Hypothesis things we observe occur A set of logical and consistent statements that tell us why the Often called a model Deducing implications from the model other than those that When testing you an use a critical test which allows the we set out to explain analyst to use observation to distinguish between two or more competing explanations of the same phenomenon Logical syllogisms Categorical syllogisms are specific types of arguments that consist of a major premise a minor premise and a conclusion Major premise If P then Q o If P antecedent Affirming the Consequent o then Q consequent antecedent or the consequent in the major premise The minor premise consists of a claim about either the Conclusion is a claim supported by the premises Major If P is true the Q must be true Minor Q is true Conclusion Therefore Q The argument is INVALID o If a country is wealthy then it will be a democracy o A country is a democracy o Therefore the country is wealthy Affirming the antecedent If a country is a wealthy then it will be a democracy The country is wealthy Therefore the country will be a democracy VALID argument Denying the consequent If a country is wealthy then it will be a democracy The country is not a democracy Therefore the country is not wealthy VALID argument Denying the Antecedent If a country is wealthy then it will be a democracy The country is not wealthy Therefore the country will not be a democracy INVALID Falsificationism An approach to science in which scientists generate or deduce testable hypotheses from theories designed to explain phenomena of interest A circumstance in whose absence the phenomenon in Necessary Condition question cannot occur Sufficient Condition A circumstance in whose presence the phenomenon must occur Valid Arguments If you accept the premises you are compelled to accept the conclusion Determinism versus Probability How to solve game theory models A tool that political scientists use for analyzing these types of strategic situations in which the choice of one actor depend on the choices made by the other actors Players choose to do what is in their best interests Players prefer higher payoffs Payoffs are how the players value each of the possible Extensive form game players take turns outcomes o Choice nodes branches terminal nodes game tree Implications Individual rational pursuit of self interest leads to a state of affairs less preferred by all players Special conditions may be required to secure cooperation Prisoner s Dilemma Exit Voice Loyalty Model When something changes in your environment you have 3 options Exit accept that there has been a negative change and alter your behavior to achieve the best possible outcome given the new environment Voice You use your voice complain protest lobby direct action to try and change the environment back to its original condition changed and make no change to your behavior Loyalty You accept the face that your environment has Citizens payoffs states payoffs To solve you have to go backwards The state will be willing to respond positively to the citizen only when two conditions are met o The citizen must have a credible exit threat E 0 o The state must be dependent on the citizen L 1 o The state can take away the citizen s benefits and In the absence of a credible exit option E 0 there is noting the citizen can do about it except accept it Assumes we have perfect information about what the payoffs will be Often difficult to learn from real life situations If the state is responsive to those citizens on whom it depends for loyalty whenever those citizens possess credible exit threats why would the state ever take a benefit away from the citizen o An entity that relies on coercion and the threat of force A state to rule in a given territory Contractarian View of the State o Sees the creation of the state as resulting from a social contract between the individuals in the state of nature in which the state provides security in exchange for obedience from the citizen state of nature to create and empower the state 1 player A will do the right thing state o Social contract an agreement among individuals in the o As long as the state chooses a punishment greater than o This creates a potential problem between us and the Predatory View of the State o The state solves conflict between members of society o The states that exercise an effective control over the use of violence are in a position to threaten the security of citizens This makes it possible for them to exploit the citizens that they have the duty to respect citizen and the state state of nature o Focuses more on the potential conflicts between the o Rulers can be viewed as similar to individuals in the 1 Rivals constantly vying to take their place o In feudal Europe lords and kings engaged in to to remain in power four primary activities 1 War making 2 State making 3 Protection 4 Extraction Somalia A Failed State Philosophy of Governance Polyarchy o Independence in 1960 o Coup 1969 o Ogaden War with Ethiopia 97 98 o No government has been able to successfully control it o Views on the state state of nature o A political regime with high levels of both contestation o Term used by Dahl because he did not believe that any and inclusion large country could exhibit sufficient levels of contestation and inclusion to be considered a true democracy Minimalist approach to democracy o Classifies political regimes in regard to their institutions and procedures Substantivist approach to democracy o Classifies political regimes in regard to the outcomes o Dahl believed it difficult to find real world examples of they produce this PACL or DD Measure of Democracy o Democracies are regimes in which governmental offices o Contestations requires that there exists an opposition are filled as a consequence of contested elections that has some chance of winning office as a consequence of the


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FSU CPO 2002 - EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE

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