HISTORY OF THE MODERN WORLD SINCE 1815 TERMS LIST FOR EXAM 2 Treaty of Versailles One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers and was signed on 28 June 1919 exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand With almost no participation from the Germans the negotiations revealed a split between the French who wanted to dismember Germany to make it impossible for it to renew war with France and the British and Americans who did not want to create pretexts for a new war Germany agreed to pay reparations but those plans were cancelled in 1932 due in part to the depression and Hitler s rise to power and subsequent actions rendered moot the remaining terms of the treaty Hitler also ignored the disarmament portion of the Treaty at first secretly then blatantly League of Nations The League of Nations was approved in the summer of 1919 Wilson presented the Treaty of Versailles and the Covenant of the League of Nations to the U S Senate for ratification Wilson then suffered a severe stroke in the fall of that year which prevented him from reaching a compromise with those in Congress who thought the treaties reduced U S authority In November the Senate declined to ratify both The League of Nations proceeded without the United States headquartered in Geneva The League s authority was not seriously challenged until the early 1930s when Japan simply quit the organization after its invasion of China was condemned and the League was likewise powerless to prevent the rearmament of Germany and the Italian invasion of Ethiopia Fridtjof Nansen Refugees and Nansen passports After WWI when millions of people were suddenly made stateless because of the destruction of war and the new boundaries being drawn after the fall of various Empires a major refugee crisis ensued The League of Nations took it upon themselves to take on this problem and the first legal term for refugees was established Nansen a Norwegian diplomat established a program in which passports were created for these stateless people This established legal paperwork for these people and allowed them to move freely to other nations most of them didn t want to return to regions where they had no cultural ties or recognition of the newly created country Ramsey MacDonald 1920 s Founded the Labor Party in England and was the first PM from this party Seen as the English representative of the working class people and was a major force in the suffrage movement Easter Rising On Easter Monday April 24 1916 a group of Irish nationalists proclaimed the establishment of the Irish Republic and along with some 1 600 followers staged a rebellion against the British government in Ireland The rebels seized prominent buildings in Dublin and clashed with British troops Within a week the insurrection had been suppressed and more than 2 000 people were dead or injured The leaders of the rebellion soon were executed Initially there was little support from the Irish people for the Easter Rising however public opinion later shifted and the executed leaders were hailed as martyrs In 1921 a treaty was signed that in 1922 established the Irish Free State which eventually became the modern day Republic of Ireland Beer Hall Putsch For two days in November Adolf Hitler and his followers staged a failed takeover of the government in Bavaria a state in southern Germany In the aftermath of the failed coup d tat Hitler was convicted of treason and sentenced to five years in prison He spent less than a year behind bars during which time he dictated Mein Kampf his political autobiography The putsch and Hitler s subsequent trial turned him into a national figure After prison he worked to rebuild the Nazi Party and gain power via legal political methods Kulaks affluent Russian farmers whose land was taken from them by the gov t because they saw farming as a public work now that their ways were inefficient Many peasants in the country began to starve to death after the gov t took control of agriculture Vladimir Lenin The Leader of the small Bolshevik Party and a Marxist socialist Seized power on October 25 1917 The Red Guards Lenin s army of sorts took over the palace in a blitz coup Lenin told laborers the oppressed masses will rule the gov t setting up a socialist gov t Rebels moved the capital to Moscow and the Czar and his family were shot Aimed to spread Communism to all countries especially those with ruling hierarchies and an oppressed proletariat Succeeded for a short time in Munich and Hungary but each communist revolution would eventually be crushed outside of Russia Communists became masters of Propaganda Lenin set up his own secret police Good will acts that lasted for a short time set up teams to teach the poor reading and writing Communists said women should make as much as men and be educated Architecture and the arts also flourished in experimentation Josef Stalin Took Power after Lenin died still had much work to do in spreading Communism to all of Russia Launched the First Five Year Plan to do this Seen to the world as genial but was ruthless Communist Party saw the Church as a challenge and attacked it tearing down buildings confiscating gold and art etc He was obsessed with defeating all those who opposed him and distrusted even those closest to him First Five Year Plan 1928 and 193 List of economic goals created by Joseph Stalin and based on his policy of Socialism in One Country Increased production of manufactured goods and military advances Siberia Mass shipments of prisoners were sent here after being found guilty in mock courts put to work as slaves working on the railroads and in work camps much like concentration camps in Germany during WWII An estimated 7 million people would be sent to these camps while 7 million more would be executed by Stalin Black Tuesday October 24 1929 the day the stock market crashed in the U S Much of the global economic growth in the 20 s stemmed from US stock markets so when this collapsed the world economy also collapsed Japan was also coming into a strong market share away from the U S and Europe Since the economy in the US expanded so rapidly once other nations caught up it caused the market to be flooded with industrial goods from the U S and elsewhere which caused lower prices lower wages cuts in hours and more unemployment Isolationism United States the idea that the U S should stay out of foreign entanglements related the