WOH 1030Lecture 39 and 40 OutlineAsia since 1945:I. Japan1. Post War Chaosa. Japan was brokenb. U.S. as the occupying power faced the task of resurrecting Japan to be an ally and barrier from communism.c. Problem was that if you rebuild Japan you run the risk of resurgence of Japanese militarism. d. Japan could become a robust economy or become a puppet state of the U.S. 2. Economic Miracle a. With American aid and promise of military protection Japan produced an economic miracle creating a modern economyb. 1967 Mitsubishi and Toyoda imported there first light vehicles to the U.S. 22 years went from importing nothing to vehiclesc. 1989 Japan is second largest economy in the world till 2009II. China1. Civil War (1945-1949)a. Pitted the Nationalists and Communists against each otherb. Erupts because of the difference in strategy by the two leadersc. Chang: get rid of communists firsts then Japanesed. Mao: take care of Japanese first then the problems with communistse. Mao gets the most support b/c they were seen as a patriot partyf. U.S. and soviet union were involvedg. U.S. support Chiang b/c they didn’t want to lose china (want them to become communists)h. Mao was able to use open support of the U.S. to his advantage to discredit Chang i. S.U. supported Mao covertly j. By 1959 KMT were on the verge of destruction and communist took over main land China2. China under Mao—Initial Reforms (1949-1956)a. Couple remaining Chinese warlords were destroyedb. Foreign/western privileges were abolished c. All businesses were nationalized d. *Mao took a large portion of arable land and divided it up in family units and given to the peasantry e. Mostly cosmetic reforms… f. 1951-1956 things in China went along okg. 1953 Stalin dies; Mao and Stalin were friends so Chinese had aid from the Sovietsh. Khrushchev withdraws some of its aid and China starts to see problems3. Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956-1957)a. Speech said that Mao understood things weren’t perfect but he encouragedeveryone to submit proposals for reform but had to be in writing and signed with your name b. At the conclusion of the year everyone who sent a letter was hunted down sent to jail or killed. If you wrote a letter you were an enemy of the state c. Intellectuals were most hard hit b/c they were literate and would be the people writing the letters 4. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) (5 year plan on steroids)a. Immediately after the hundred flowers campaign b. For Chinese to be taken seriously on the modern seen they needed a modern economy… which they tried to do basically overnightc. All farm land in China would be collectivized i. Peasants resist from the offset and are killed, sent to camps, or disappearedii. Given quotas etc… and in addition to growing wheat, rice, etc. each farm was also going to be the center of a new steel industry.iii. Farmers were ordered to give up all metal stuff (belt buckles, shovels) melted down to produce “steel”iv. Without tools to farm with Chinese farms could keep up with the amount of people there was to feedv. Famine took over during this time period.vi. Great Leap Forward was considered a failure and weakened Mao5. Sino-Soviet Split (1960-1964)a. Break down between Chinese and Sovietsb. All Soviet aid was withdrawn from Chinac. Chinese and Soviets fought several undeclared wars on their bordersd. After 1964 Mao realized that things were going badly for him and did this by….6. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)a. This Cultural Revolution was worse than Great Leap Forward and Hundred Flower campaign combinedb. Way for Mao to retake control of societyc. Targeted everyone except 18-25 i. They were not yet corrupt ii. Created *Red Guards which were indoctrinated and then set on thewhole countryiii. Had almost unlimited power1. Had the authority to cast judgment on the spot if you didn’t support Mao.2. Everyone was required to carry around a book of quotations from Mao and be able to recite a random passage from it.3. Most people couldn’t read so they died or were imprisonedd. Mao himself becomes afraid of the Red Guarde. *Gang of Fouri. Extreme leftists use this to their advantage to purge their enemies ii. Became defacto leaders of Chinaiii. A month after Mao’s death they were retired7. Normalization of Sino-Soviet Relations (1976-forward)a. At this point the Gang of Four start to lose powerb. Deng Xiaoping is a communist but realizes that using Mao’s blueprint China would be destroyedc. He is seen as a leader who can turn things around and drops the word communism and uses controlled socialismi. Create a modern economy as soon as possible 8. Tiananmen Square (1989)a. All eastern countries are revolting and this filters through Chinab. University Students (Not Red Guard) demand more political rights and freedoms… starts peaceful…c. Police and military are called in but side with the students d. Call in military units from the provinces and don’t have the luxury of realizing the negative in communism e. China lost a lot of support and recognition f. Term Tiananmen Square is blocked by Google Chinag. Most who grew up then don’t know about the eventsIII. India and Pakistan1. Independence a. British declares that India will be independent but will hang on to power for a little longer to make things go over smoothlyb. Problem is that India cannot remain one political statec. It would have to be divided along religious linesa. Mountbatten Plan (last official act of British in India)a. Two nations will be formedb. India (Hindu) and East/West Pakistan(Muslims)c. Muslims were given a small percentage of the formal colony and whenthe final British troops left civil war erupted almost immediately.d. Millions of people of the “wrong side” of the lines and lend to bitter hostilities in the governmentse. Since the 1930s Muslim League and Indian National Congress has gone there separate ways and there was an underlying hostility2. Civil Wars (First of 3 wars over the same speck of dirt)a. First Kashmir Wara. Both India and Pakistan were poor and the economically thriving areaswas Kashmir… because of its wool (processed into “Kashmir”) and tea… highly sought after in the westb. The government that controlled Kashmir had a steady incomec. Let the regional prince decided who he would align himself with. No one valued his opinion and went to war over itd. UN was forced to step in and established the line of control…. Split Kashmir in halfe.