FSU WOH 1030 - “War and Peacemaking” 1914-1920

Unformatted text preview:

WOH1030 Notes – Unit 210-8“War and Peacemaking” 1914-19201.) World War 1, 1914-1918 – One of the defining moments of 20th century. Resultedin the collapse of three large empires: Russian, German, and Austrian Hungarian. Resulted in the creation of a dozen brand new countries. These new countries were rules by these previous empires. A.) Causes – 1.) there was an increasingly bitter confrontation among major nations, particularly in Europe (mainly economic). As more and more countries participated in the global market. It became vital for these countries to find a place to sell their goods. If you couldn’t sell, then it would turn into a political problem (less money in economy). On the eve of 1914, there were multiple countries (around a dozen) that joined in this battle. Related to this competition, is the competition for power in Africa, Middle East, South America etc. Wanted these places for raw materials. But why didn’t this happen earlier? It had to do with the smaller European nations who were part of this great empire. They wanted more of a part in it. These nations began to resort to terrorist tactics. Robbed banks, killed government officials, started fires. They made it difficult for the countries to govern them. Eventually these larger countries would fall apart. This began in the 1890s which lead up to WW1. *Internal pressure; If you look at Berlin, St. Petersburg and a government under the stress of these internal and external pressures, they had to snap eventually. - “Triple Alliances” (Germany, Austria, Italy) vs. “Triple Entente” (Britain, France, Russia) – THe countries that seemed to bump each other the most are Britain and Germany. It always seemed to come down to London vs. Berlin. The German government put a import tax on their goods (shoes). Britain responded by raising prices on machinery that Germany. Began to form a core around which military alliance begins to form (Germany). The British tried to sign an ally with France and Russia to make a point with Germany. Germany responds with becoming allies with Austria and Italy. Entente = arrangement. B.) Main Features- “Total War” – neither side had the strength to deliver a knockout punch of the western side (France mainly, some in Belgium). On the eastern front, the war got caught up in the communist Russian revolution. 2.) “Peace making,” 1918-1920A.) Europe: Treaty of Versailles (1919) – peace treaty- Germany - There was immediate condemnation of the Versailles Treaty by the Germanpopulace. The German state was not expecting to lose the War. When the dust settledand the harsh reality of defeat was made clear, the German people were dumbfounded.It was a military defeat, but also a psychological defeat for the German state. "…the German people were expecting victory and not defeat. It was the acknowledgement of defeat, as much as the treaty terms themselves, which they found so hard to accept" (Henig, 27). The terms which caused the most resentment in Germany were the loss of territory, the war guilt placed solely on Germany, the deliberate effacement of the German military and the demands of reparation- East Europe: “national self-determination” = “nationality” - European nationalists believed that people with a common language and culture should throw off foreign rule and become their own countries- Nationalism encouraged unity but it also created mistrust and hatred- In Eastern Europe, Russia and Austria-Hungary were rivals. Russia encouraged Serbs and other minorities to rise up against the Austria-Hungarian Empire.B.) World Wide- “League of Nations”- The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes. It was first proposed by President Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen Points plan for an equitable peace in Europe, but the United States was never a member.- “Mandate System” - A League of Nations mandate was a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I,or the legal instruments that contained the internationally agreed-upon terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League. These were of the nature of both a treaty and constitution which contained minority rights clauses that provided for the right of petition and adjudication by the International Court.[1] The mandate system was established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, entered into on 28 June 1919.10-10“Age of Dictatorships” (1918-1939): Lenin1.) Why dictatorships? – After World War 1, there was a large impact on social classes. The middle class took the biggest hit. Soldiers were most likely to be drafted by the middle class citizens and most taxes hit the middle class. Overall, there was a general disgust with leaders. Because of all of this distress with the Middle class, they eventually united with the lower class. Also in general, there were a lot of unsettled conditions in all countries, not just post war countries. There was a fear of the unknown.PTSD caused by the war was starting to first appear. This is where Dictators came into play. They convinced people and returning soldiers that they could help with their situation.2.) Lenin – The key to Lenin’s success was that he had fixed goals. He was willing to change his tactics and approach but the ultimate goal was firm. He had a natural gift of appointing people to the right position and also never interferred with them once they were appointed. He left them alone. This made people very partial to Lenin. He never blamed anyone for his mistakes and never took credit for successes. Lenin stood in the current Russian setting/A.) Lenin as Leader: “Pragmatic Realist” – Lenin took the concept of socialism and changed it to the point where they were not to focus on numbers. He mentioned the Jesuits, who were a small highly disciplined elite movement that focused on bettering themselves and others. They did not focus on numbers or statistics. B.) His movement “Leninism” – see above paragraphC.) His revolution: 3 phases1.) “moderate/liberal” (1917-1918) - 2.) “radical leftist” (1919-1921)- Civil War, “War Communism”3.) “conservative” (1921-1928)- “New Economic Policy” (NEP)3.) Importance*for above see


View Full Document

FSU WOH 1030 - “War and Peacemaking” 1914-1920

Download “War and Peacemaking” 1914-1920
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view “War and Peacemaking” 1914-1920 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view “War and Peacemaking” 1914-1920 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?