WOH 1030 Lecture 37 Outline Europe since 1945 I Origins of the Cold War a When American go to Europe they realized they don t have a strong foothold their b Stalin had the advantage and demanded a buffer zone FDR said ok then he died and Harry S Truman took his place c Staling thinks he has an agreement with FDR and Truman wants to renegotiate d Truman was a rabid anti communist and didn t want the buffer zone e Staling made it clear he would exploit the satellite states to restore power f After Potsdam Truman decided that communism must be stopped problem was how do you stop communism II The US and Western Europe 1 Soviet Position 2 American Western Position 1 President Truman a Marshall Plan A International Communism The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan b Truman Doctrine i Created by George C Marshall was created to give aid to any country in Europe that didn t receive aid from the Soviet Union after WWII to show democracy was better than communism ii Grants not loans stay democratic and capitalists i U S will support any and all democratic states throughout the world against the rise and tide of communism or communist threats In place were communism already established the U S will assists resistance forces In places were communism exists the U S will help to create and fund opposition ii iii 2 Stalin s Response 3 US Counter Response a Berlin was a divided city and Stalin blockades Berlin in an effort to starve the people of Berlin and force westerners to pitch in a Didn t work because the U S air force was up the challenge and supplied citizens by air for 324 straight days b Stalin couldn t starve Berlin and after the 324 days he temporarily lifted the blockade c By 1947 Truman s policy of containment seemed to be working and the U S had saved berlin from complete disaster B The Postwar Challenge in Western Europe 1950 1970 a Europe recovered extremely fast by 1970 From a physical stand point they were fully recovered i In every western European country all right and leftists became obsolete ii Center left or right parties worked together to build their individual countries and Europe b Socialism was equated with communism but for about 20 years parties that succeeded were those funded by the U S c Worked gained more rights freedoms highly unionized and powerful political entities i There was social harmony ii Working class was completely embraced by society d Western Europe also embraced migrant workers ii i Problems begin to emerge in the late 1970 when rebuilding projects start to end In German working class had been killed on battlefields so they got workers from Turkey 1 Turkey didn t want them back and this is still a problem e NATO today f Collective security i Treaty alliance defensive to show solidarity against Stalin 1 First time in European history the U S stayed involved i Each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all and agrees to join in a collective response to threats to and breaches of the peace g 1495 1949 U S had a monopoly on the Atomic bomb i Created assurance and fear h Intra European Cooperation i France and Germans would work together on economic operation called then European Coal and Steel Community ii ECSC grew into the European Common Market and then the III Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 1950 1991 1 Stalin s Last Years 1945 1953 European Union a Stalin stays in power and almost immediately after the war is over he reverts to his old tricks by 1944 people realized the war wouldn t be over b New slogan was that The war on fascism is over the war on capitalism begins c Hundreds of thousands of troops were purged and sent to gulags d Stalin s plan to fix the economy with another 5 year plan e Repression was brought back with full force and Stalin retrenched his power and was the absolute ruler f Staling accused Eastern European Jews of favoring westerners g Staling died in 1953 2 De Stalinization and Nikita Khrushchev 3 Effects on Eastern Europe 4 Brezhnev and his Doctrine a There was no clear leader for a while after his death b 1953 new leader of Soviet Union was Nikita Khrushchev i At a party meeting he orders the meeting closed and gives the secret speech ii Details the horrors of Stalin throughout his reign iii After the speech he was declared leader and started reform 1 Old guards were retired from the party and new younger ones were brought in 2 Five year plans were outlawed relax heavy industry emphasize on light industry iv In another speech he makes it clear that he thinks it s possible to work together c Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved by the U S putting missiles in Turkey as leverage Kennedy looked like a hero Khrushchev looked like an idiot d 1964 Khrushchev is pushed out and replaced by Brezhnev a Interpreted as a good sign the Pols decided they would push for more autonomy and got it along with the right to run their own internal affairs b Hungary didn t want to be dominated by the Soviet Union and left the Warsaw pact Also they would accept Marshall Aid if it was still offered Khrushchev invaded Hungary b c there was now a chink the armor i The U S backed down from helping a When he takes power he makes it clear that he is a Stalinist at heart and talks up the good part of Stalinization reforms from Khrushchev was stopped took back some autonomy b Brezhnev s decided to re arm at a rapid pace bankrupted the Soviet Union c Several small revolts b c he was robbing eastern European colonies in the and made it a military power process of his arms race d Brezhnev Doctrine i Soviet Union and its allies has the right to intervene in any communists state were communism is threatened by capitalism a Most man who took office were old and died in office b 3 year period where the U S and its allies didn t know who was running the Soviet Union c Gorbachev makes it clear that the subsides that were being paid to communist regimes would end In eastern Europe it meant that the soviet union would withdraw from eastern Europe d e Economy collapse in the 1980s 5 The Gorbachev Era and the End Key Terms Marshall Plan Gorbachev Glasnost openness introduce new soviet police telling it like it is Perestroika Gorbachev introduced economic reforms in order to fix the soviet system Brezhnev Doctrine NATO European Coal and Steel Community Warsaw Pact Truman Doctrine Collective Security