WOH 1030Final Exam Study GuideJapanese Empire- Only non-European superpower- Strong economy because they master their own technology instead of relying on Europeo Import raw materials and export finished goods- All males over 25 can vote- Emergence of a dualistic systemo Small number of Daimyo families takes control of the economy. Create Zaibatsus – similar to monopolies. One company was an umbrella for hundreds of different companies. There were four big ones that controlled the economy.o After 1925, political candidates needed approval from one of the Zaibatsu to run.Now economic power turned into political power.o Now the synergy between military, political, and economic power is now controlled by the few. Dualistic system came from the Meiji Restoration where the Daimyo controlled the economy and the samurai controlled politics.- Ultra-nationalismo The nationalistic education instilled after the Restoration motivated the society to grow stronger. People did not care that they were left out of the political system.o European imperialism in Asia is bad. Japanese imperialism in Asia is good.o Very romantic ideologies- Great Depression 1929o Devastates Japan because the places they were getting raw materials from were shut off to outsiders so European countries could protect their own economies. Factories also could not sell finished products to European markets anymore.o See it as an opportunity to expand and secure places with raw materialsModern Middle East- Ottoman Empire (OE) (at its extent)o Decline picked up in early 1900s. They were slowly being pushed out of Europeo 1908 Revolution In the core of the Empire Led by nationalist reformers called the Young Turks- Comprised of military officers- Intent on rebuilding empire from inside outo Lost Balkans in 1912 during the First Balkan Waro Anatolia and Ottoman Syria (Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Arabian Peninsula)o Alliance with Germany was a way to preserve the empire. Triple Alliance + Ottomans = Central Powerso Problems with Britain Britain started talking to Sharif Hussein bin Ali. He controlled Mecca Hussein-McMahon Correspondence- McMahon promised that if the Arabs stayed out of the war, the British would support Hussein’s quest for a unified Arab state, but only if they openly revolt against the Young Turkso British desperate to protect Egypt Hussein rebelled against the Sultan and was successful British never deliver the Arab state the way Hussein expected Balfour Declaration (1917)- British view favorably the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine (Ottoman province of Syria) – same place they promised to help Husseino Trying to encourage President Wilson to go all in in the Great Waro Trying to keep Russians in the war. Thought it would appealto Trotskyo British were broke and needed to drum up public support for war bonds by showing a sense of forward thinking afterthe war. Letter addressed to Rothschild, a wealthy Jewish family- Root of Israeli/Palestinian disputes Sykes-Picot Agreement- British and French plotting to divide OE between themselves- Angered Jewish and Arab nationalists- Arab nationalists not well representing during signing of Versailles treaty League of Nations- Designed to reinforce the status quo after the war- Permanent mandate systemo Designed to give German land in Africa to one of victoriouspowerso Allowed the powers to take control of land inhabited by peoples incapable of governing themselvesModern Turkish State- Mustafa “Ataturk” Kemal (father of the Turks) was a military officer who was credited with keeping the British from succeeding in the Gallipoli campaign- Greeks, supported by the British navy, were fighting in Turkey over control of Asia Minor and the Turkish area.- Ataturk holds off the advances until the British can no longer support the Greeks- Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 created the modern Turkish state- Ataturk ‘s reformso Wanted to kill the OE and create a modern western-style nation-state. o Disliked the religion aspect of the OE. o Needed to remake the political system within Turkey. o Dethroned the old Sultan. o Engineered his election to the Presidency. o Does away with party politics.o Created a new capitolo Internationally Told Britain and France that he had no desire to reclaim former OE land Western powers support him as a buffer zone between Soviet Russia and Europeo In 1925 massacred minorities who disagreed with him, viz. Kurds and Armenianso Church and state separated. Able to create a secular society. Schools now owned by the state and religion no longer taughto Women now legal equals Can choose husband Seek divorce Cannot wear head coverings that cover their face- Turkey’s a fairly strong state, but there’s no real democracy here.Stalin and the Soviet Union (SU)- Dogmatic realist***o Opposite of Lenin (pragmatic realist) Lenin looked for pragmatic (possible) solutions to get around a problem Stalin was persistent, but not intellectually. The goal was to get through the wall at any cost to achieve his goal. He’d just blow up the wall- Coming to powero Fundraised for the Bolsheviks by robbing bankso Not liked by the leaders of the communist party. Lenin kept him around for the money.o Lenin appointed him as the communist party secretary. His job was to appoint delegates (representatives for their local regions) to the communist party. Stalin counted on the delegates to be loyal to him because the delegates chose the party congress, so they picked members Stalin liked. Stalin becomes a member of the central committee (Politburo) and rises through the ranks. Comes to power in a completely legitimate way- Dismantling the NEPo Goal is to create a pure communist state. Wants to dogmatically impose a new system through a top-down revolution. Does this through five-year plans Eliminates small shop owners Government kept control of heavy industries, which were supposed to increase their output by 250% Sent experienced managers to the gulag (concentration/work camps). Productivity decreases. Five-year plans devastated the economy. Took Russia 25 years to recover Eliminated all foreign expertise and investment Even when the factories increased production (though not to Stalin’s target), they produced unusable products Five-Year plan (collectivization) for agriculture- Under the NEP peasant farmers increased